Enabling Sustainable Improvement in IT Entrepreneurship - Paul E. Renaud; Sheppard D. Narkier; Sonia D. Bot (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Firms must embrace processes that enable the information technology (IT) function to become a strategic partner to the business functions it serves. Process ambidexterity is a way for processes to be augmented to improve alignment and adaptability to new markets and technologies. By applying the principles of process ambidexterity, the key elements required for sustainable change within the capabilities that comprise the IT function of the firm are identified. Furthermore, the scope and depth of the dysfunction that is widespread across large firms that depend upon IT are outlined to provide a contextual basis for presenting a solution framework to address sustainable change. This framework for sustainable change is of primary benefit to IT executives seeking to systematically transform the IT function and enable IT entrepreneurship.
Keywords: capability maturity assessment; IT capability; IT entrepreneurship; IT function; process ambidexterity; process maturity; sustainable metrics

An Enterprise Security Program and Architecture to Support Business Drivers - Brian Ritchot (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
This article presents a business-focused approach to developing and delivering enterprise security architecture that is focused on enabling business objectives while providing a sensible and balanced approach to risk management. A balanced approach to enterprise security architecture can create the important linkages between the goals and objectives of a business, and it provides appropriate measures to protect the most critical assets within an organization while accepting risk where appropriate. Through a discussion of information assurance, this article makes a case for leveraging enterprise security architectures to meet an organizations' need for information assurance. The approach is derived from the Sherwood Applied Business Security Architecture (SABSA) methodology, as put into practice by Seccuris Inc., an information assurance integrator. An understanding of Seccuris’ approach will illustrate the importance of aligning security activities with high-level business objectives while creating increased awareness of the duality of risk. This business-driven approach to enterprise security architecture can help organizations change the perception of IT security, positioning it as a tool to enable and assure business success, rather than be perceived as an obstacle to be avoided.
Keywords: cybersecurity; cyberthreats; information assurance; information risk; information security; risk; security architecture

Evolution of Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Control - Arthur Low (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Technologies evolve in a process of gradual scientific change, but the commercial application of technologies is discontinuous. Managers interested in technology evolution can integrate these contrasting ideas using a powerful theoretical framework, based on the concept of punctuated equilibrium from evolutionary biology. The framework, which enables the differentiation of the technical evolution of a technology from its market application, is used in this article to compare the two standards for wireless sensor networks (WSN) for industrial instrumentation and control: WirelessHART and ISA100.11a. The two WSN standards are the product of two different market contexts, which have selected different minimum viable technologies for evolution in their respective niches. Network security issues present some important selection criteria. Both WSN standards implement security countermeasures against localized wireless network attacks based on the application of the AES encryption standard, but some specific security threats – some local, others remotely launched – are only well-defended by the adoption of public-key cryptographic (PKC) protocols, which only ISA100.11a supports. This article concludes that the mainstream market potential of the Internet has influenced the evolution of ISA100.11a and will continue to demand that each WSN standard evolve in ways that are difficult to predict.
Keywords: industrial control; ISA100.11a; punctuated equilibrium; standards; technology evolution; wireless sensor networks; WirelessHART

The Evolving Role of Open Source Software in Medicine and Health Services - David Ingram; Sevket Seref Arikan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
The past five decades have witnessed immense coevolution of methods and tools of information technology, and their practical and experimental application within the medical and healthcare domain. Healthcare itself continues to evolve in response to change in healthcare needs, progress in the scientific foundations of treatments, and in professional and managerial organization of affordable and effective services, in which patients and their families and carers increasingly participate. Taken together, these trends impose highly complex underlying challenges for the design, development, and sustainability of the quality of supporting information services and software infrastructure that are needed. The challenges are multidisciplinary and multiprofessional in scope, and they require deeper study and learning to inform policy and promote public awareness of the problems health services have faced in this area for many years. The repeating pattern of failure to live up to expectations of policy-driven national health IT initiatives has proved very costly and remains frustrating and unproductive for all involved. In this article, we highlight the barriers to progress and discuss the dangers of pursuing a standardization framework devoid of empirical testing and iterative development. We give the example of the openEHR Foundation, which was established at University College London (UCL) in London, England, with members in 80 countries. The Foundation is a not-for-profit company providing open specifications and working for generic standards for electronic records, informed directly by a wide range of implementation experience. We also introduce the Opereffa open source framework, which was developed at UCL based on these specifications and which has been downloaded in some 70 countries. We argue that such an approach is now essential to support good discipline, innovation, and governance at the heart of medicine and health services, in line with the new mandate for health commissioning in the United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS), which emphasizes patient participation, innovation, transparency, and accountability.
Keywords: electronic health care record; information retrieval; open source framework; openEHR Foundation; persistence; standards based

A Firm-Level Innovation Management Framework and Assessment Tool for Increasing Competitiveness - Sorin Cohn (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Innovation depends on much more than just technology and R&D. It is a means to an end – competitive success and higher market value – and it needs to be managed strategically and methodically for tangible corporate performance where it matters: in the market. This article introduces a comprehensive corporate innovation management framework (v-CIM) and a targeted competitiveness assessment tool (i-TCA). Properly used by corporate leaders, this framework and its associated tool enable innovation managers to decide on priorities for competitive development, adopt appropriate innovation strategies to meet corporate goals, monitor progress, make adjustments, and help create and maintain a culture of innovation that is aligned with business goals.
Keywords: competitiveness assessment; firm-level innovation; innovation models; innovation performance; management; management effectiveness; tools

From Idea Crowdsourcing to Managing User Knowledge - Risto Rajala; Mika Westerlund; Mervi Vuori; Jukka-Pekka Hares (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
This article explores how technology companies can benefit from user knowledge in product and service innovation beyond mere idea generation through crowdsourcing. We investigate a case from the telecommunications sector to discover the ways a company can overcome the challenges of motivating users to participate in innovation activity and gaining from their knowledge in the innovation process. In particular, we seek to learn how the company has created understanding about the future uses of technology and the developments of the market with the lead users. In addition, we analyze the key means of capturing value from the knowledge gathered from the users, including the essential organizational practices that support user innovation and the ways the company makes sense of the vast volume and variety of user knowledge. Our empirical inquiry increases the understanding of how technology companies can complement and use crowdsourcing to effectively utilize knowledge resident in user communities.
Keywords: crowdsourcing; knowledge management; lead users; online communities; user innovation

From Ideas to Opportunities: Exploring the Construction of Technology-Based Entrepreneurial Opportunities - Ferran Giones; Zhao Zhou; Francesc Miralles; Bernhard Katzy (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
The transformation of business ideas into market opportunities is at the core of entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, the complexity of such a transformative process is seen to change depending on the variables influencing the opportunity-entrepreneur nexus. Although technology-entrepreneurship is regarded as a force of change and dynamism in socio-economic growth, it also depends upon an intricate process of opportunity development. The interest in understanding better how technology-based entrepreneurs simultaneously cope with technological uncertainty while trying to gain stakeholder support and access to resources, highlights a relevant research gap. The research described in this article uses the constructivist view to deepen our understanding of the technology-based entrepreneur’s conceptualization of the opportunity as a process of social construction. Our results show how initial consensus-building efforts and iteration with knowledgeable peers are an essential part of the emergence of the opportunity, changing both entrepreneur's and stakeholders' perceptions of the early business idea. Consequently, our results provide evidence in support of policy programs and measures that favour social-construction support mechanisms to foster technology-based entrepreneurship.
Keywords: constructivist view; entrepreneurship policy; technology entrepreneurship

Going Open: Does it Mean Giving Away Control? - Nadia Noori; Michael Weiss (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Open source software has evolved from being an effort driven by a collective of volunteers to become an integral part of commercial software. Constant demands for new features besides maintaining product quality made companies seek open source as an answer for these demands. These growing demands brought with them control of quality, architecture, contribution management, and community management. This article explores the governance strategies adopted by open source software projects to manage the quality of complements (such as plug-ins that extend a platform's functionality) developed by community members outside the core team. The outcomes of the research contribute to our understanding of the strategies followed by different open source platform owners (the open source project initiators) to manage external innovation in the case of platform extensions in two areas: i) governance models and ii) regulatory tools.
Keywords: and collaboration; governance; Open innovation; open source; platforms; regulatory tools

The Habitation Lab: Using a Design Approach to Foster Innovation for Sustainable Living - Paula Femenías; Pernilla Hagbert (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
This article describes a first step towards a strategy for using living labs as a means to foster innovation and develop new concepts of sustainable living from an architectural point of view. The overall aim is to enable truly sustainable living through radically reduced energy and resource use thus addressing both environmental and social aspects of sustainability. Earlier research has shown that contemporary housing developments, including those with a sustainable profile, do not profoundly question modern lifestyles and consumption, which is a necessity to overcome limitations of a technological focus on environmental efficiency in construction. Thus, we see an opportunity for the discipline of architecture to engage in current investments in living lab facilities in order to push innovation in the field of sustainable housing. We introduce the concept of a "Habitation Lab", which will provide an arena for radical and high-risk design experimentation between users, building-sector actors, and academia, and we describe a case study of a planned Habitation Lab within a living lab facility where traditional solutions for daily living and habitation are questioned and new architectural innovations are explored and evaluated. The idea of using experimental activities in the field of housing is not new, and we argue that new investments should build on earlier experiences to avoid perpetuating misconceptions and repeating past failures. Furthermore, to ensure the dissemination and uptake of results, the design of the Habitation Lab should consider the innovation and learning trajectories of the building sector. We propose a transdisciplinary setting to provide a neutral arena for value creation and to increase the distribution of experiences.
Keywords: experimentation; Habitation Lab; housing development; innovation; living labs; residing; sustainable

A Heritage Economy: Business Model Innovation for Economic Wealth, Social Well-Being, and Environmental Health - Frédérick Brousseau-Gauthier; Yvon Brousseau (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Faced with the inherent unsustainability of infinite growth in a world of finite resources, the neoclassical economy is running towards a cliff. In order to avoid a hard landing, enterprises need to broaden their definitions of value and wealth to include parameters that are not currently in the economic lexicon, but are still of paramount importance in our lives. Taken from that angle, heritage can be seen as a perfect replacement for capital, because its multidimensional and complex nature opens up numerous possibilities for the creation of shared economic, social, and environmental value; the designing of value chains; and the direction of technological innovation. This article explores the various ramifications of a paradigm shift from managing capital to managing heritage, and it underlines the need to create a series of pioneering business models for enterprises to adapt and profit from a new, heritage economy.
Keywords: benefit corporation; business model innovation; heritage economy; impact investment; natural capitalism

How Can Entrepreneurs Motivate Crowdsourcing Participants? - Derek Smith; Mohammad Mehdi Gharaei Manesh; Asrar Alshaikh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Crowdsourcing is a way to access a global crowd of talented people and to channel their talent and creative effort towards some useful endeavour. Technology entrepreneurs who may have limited resources, especially during the start-up phase of the business, will be attracted to crowdsourcing as a means to access funding, knowledge, subject matter experts, and resources on a global scale. In this article, we review the published research on crowdsourcing as it relates to motivation, and distil the insights from that research that will be useful to technology entrepreneurs. First, we organize the published research into three streams according to crowd type: i) task-based public crowd, ii) information-exchange public crowd, and iii) employee-based crowd. Next, we identify the motivational drivers common to all streams as well as the motivational drivers that are unique to each stream. Finally, we offer five recommendations for technology entrepreneurs seeking to apply crowdsourcing.
Keywords: crowdsourcing; entrepreneur; startup; technology entrepreneurship

How Do We Keep the Living Laboratory Alive? Learning and Conflicts in Living Lab Collaboration - Louna Hakkarainen; Sampsa Hyysalo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Living lab environments are often promoted as a way to engage private companies, citizens, researchers, and public organizations in mutually beneficial learning. Based on an in-depth case study of a four-year living lab collaboration in gerontechnology, we agree that successful living lab development hinges on learning between the parties, yet its emergence cannot be presumed or taken for granted. Diverse competences and interests of participating actors often make technology development projects complicated and volatile. The study describes two specific challenges faced in a living lab project: i) power issues between the actors and ii) end-user reluctance to participate in the development of new technology. Despite the hardships, we suggest that the living lab environment worked as a catalyst for learning between users and developers. Nevertheless, realizing the benefits of this learning may be more challenging than is usually expected. Learning for interaction is needed before effective learning in interaction is possible.
Keywords: collaboration; conflicts; gerontechnology; health care; learning; living labs

How Service Innovation Boosts Bottom Lines - Claude Legrand; Rob LaJoie (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
In the national quest for ground-breaking R&D discoveries and inventions, service innovation is frequently ignored at considerable cost to an organization’s bottom line and a nation’s productivity. For the fact is that innovation applied systematically to all activities outside of R&D can make the difference between uninspiring results and substantial growth in every sector. Many countries, in particular in Europe, have recognized the importance of service innovation and are devoting considerable resources to research, the capture of best practices, and the measurement of progress and success. Given the physiognomy of the modern economy, it does not make sense for leaders in the Canadian public sector to devote all available innovation investment dollars to science and technology R&D. This article explores why service innovation is not yet a priority on the innovation agenda in Canada and why we should correct the dangerous misconception that there is just one “innovation gap” that needs to be addressed. It provides practical recommendations that public and private sector leaders can use to take advantage of this under-valued, high-potential innovation opportunity and calls for the creation of a national service innovation resource to support enterprises of all sizes as a means to improve Canadian productivity.
Keywords: complex problems; innovation; innovation gap; innovative intelligence; service innovation

Incubation Programs from Public Research Organizations as Catalysts for Open Business Ecosystems - Sven H. De Cleyn; Frank Gielen; Jan Coppens (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
In many economies, new knowledge and technology creation and transfer towards local entities and new startups have been recognized as catalysts for industry renewal and tools for safeguarding (or even enhancing) a region’s employment and prosperity. This article presents a case study of iMinds, a network organization in Flanders, Belgium. The organization fosters interdisciplinary research in information and communication technologies (ICT) and strongly engages in transferring these new technologies towards local actors and in creating and supporting new startups. iMinds’ incubation and entrepreneurship programs act as catalysts for open innovation and company startup activities in the Flemish region.
Keywords: clusters of innovation; incubation programs; startup ecosystem; technology entrepreneurship; university-industry interaction

Introducing “Business Source”: The Future of Corporate Open Source Licensing? - Michael (Monty) Widenius; Linus Nyman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
The benefits of the open source development model have been proven by the test of time; however, making this development model economically feasible can be challenging. In this article, Monty Widenius puts forth a suggestion for a new type of license, which is the result of the lessons learned from decades of work on open source, both as programmer and entrepreneur. The result, “business source”, is a license that seeks to enable a business model that can both harness the benefits of open source while generating sufficient income for the program’s continued development. The business source license automatically changes terms after a given period: an initial non-open source license with specific usage restrictions that transforms to a fully open source license on a specific future date. In this article, we contribute a proposal for a novel license, a set of recommendations for managers, and a sample text of a business source license. This work will be of relevance to four main groups: i) those developing or managing a closed source program but who are interested in the benefits open source offers; ii) those managing open core programs; iii) projects in development; and iv) investors interested in funding open source projects.
Keywords: business source; open core; open source business models; open source software development; software licensing

Key Factors Affecting a Technology Entrepreneur's Choice of Incubator or Accelerator - Diane A. Isabelle (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Technology entrepreneurship rarely succeeds in isolation; increasingly, it occurs in interconnected networks of business partners and other organizations. For entrepreneurs lacking access to an established business ecosystem, incubators and accelerators provide a possible support mechanism for access to partners and resources. Yet, these relatively recent approaches to supporting entrepreneurship are still evolving. Therefore, it can be challenging for entrepreneurs to assess these mechanisms and to make insightful decisions on whether or not to join an incubator or accelerator, and which incubator or accelerator best meets their needs. In this article, five key factors that entrepreneurs should take into consideration about incubators and accelerators are offered. Insights are drawn from two surveys of managers and users of incubators and accelerators. An understanding of these five key success factors (stage of venture, fit with incubator’s mission, selection and graduation policies, services provided, and network of partners) and potential pitfalls will help entrepreneurs confidently enter into a relationship with an incubator or accelerator.
Keywords: accelerator; entrepreneur; incubator; technology entrepreneurship; venture

Keystone Business Models for Network Security Processors - Arthur Low; Steven Muegge (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Network security processors are critical components of high-performance systems built for cybersecurity. Development of a network security processor requires multi-domain experience in semiconductors and complex software security applications, and multiple iterations of both software and hardware implementations. Limited by the business models in use today, such an arduous task can be undertaken only by large incumbent companies and government organizations. Neither the “fabless semiconductor” models nor the silicon intellectual-property licensing (“IP-licensing”) models allow small technology companies to successfully compete. This article describes an alternative approach that produces an ongoing stream of novel network security processors for niche markets through continuous innovation by both large and small companies. This approach, referred to here as the "business ecosystem model for network security processors", includes a flexible and reconfigurable technology platform, a “keystone” business model for the company that maintains the platform architecture, and an extended ecosystem of companies that both contribute and share in the value created by innovation. New opportunities for business model innovation by participating companies are made possible by the ecosystem model. This ecosystem model builds on: i) the lessons learned from the experience of the first author as a senior integrated circuit architect for providers of public-key cryptography solutions and as the owner of a semiconductor startup, and ii) the latest scholarly research on technology entrepreneurship, business models, platforms, and business ecosystems. This article will be of interest to all technology entrepreneurs, but it will be of particular interest to owners of small companies that provide security solutions and to specialized security professionals seeking to launch their own companies.
Keywords: business ecosystems; business model innovation; commercialization; cybersecurity; platforms; semiconductors; technology entrepreneurship

Leveraging Old Intellectual Property to Accelerate Technology Entrepreneurship - Derek Smith (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Acquiring or licensing assets to older technologies, including surviving intellectual property rights, is an often-overlooked viable strategy for accelerating technology entrepreneurship. This strategy can help entrepreneurs short-cut the growth of a customer base, reduce development effort, and shorten the time to market with a minimum viable product. However, this strategy is not without risk; entrepreneurs need to be careful that the acquired intellectual property rights are not fraught with issues that could severely outweigh any perceived value. Proper investigation is required to ensure success because the current literature fails to provide tools that an entrepreneur can apply when considering the acquisition of intellectual property. This article includes a case study of a technology company – Piranha Games – that indirectly acquired sole and exclusive access to a substantial historical customer base by acquiring and licensing older technology and surviving intellectual property assets. The founders then leveraged the existing product brand and its historical customers to acquire significant funding and went global with a minimum viable product in three years. The copyright and trademark assets provided value on day one to Piranha Games by making it difficult and risky for others to exploit the technology. Based on this case study, this article offers recommendations to entrepreneurs who may benefit from acquiring old intellectual property to accelerate the growth of their startups.
Keywords: accelerated startup; business models; copyright; crowdfunding; due diligence; entrepreneurs; funding; intellectual property; old technology; product development clearance; trademark

Linking Living Lab Characteristics and Their Outcomes: Towards a Conceptual Framework - Carina Veeckman; Dimitri Schuurman; Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Despite almost a decade of living lab activity all over Europe, there still is a lack of empirical research into the practical implementation and the related outcomes of living labs. Therefore, this article proposes a framework to create a better understanding of the characteristics and outcomes of living labs. We investigate three living labs in Belgium and one in Finland to learn how the different building blocks of living lab environments contribute to the outputs of innovation projects launched within the lab. The findings imply that managers and researchers contemplating innovation in living labs need to consider the intended inputs and outcomes, and reframe their innovation activities accordingly. We formulate practical guidelines on how living labs should be managed on the levels of community interaction, stakeholder engagement, and methodological setup to succeed in implementing living lab projects and to create user-centred innovations. That way, living lab practitioners can work towards a more sustainable way of setting up living labs that can run innovation projects over a longer period of time.
Keywords: co-creation; innovation ecosystem; Living lab; Open innovation; user involvement

A Living Lab as a Service: Creating Value for Micro-enterprises through Collaboration and Innovation - Anna Ståhlbröst (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
The need to innovate is increasingly important for all types and sizes of organizations, but the opportunities for innovation differ substantially between them. For micro-, small,- and medium-sized enterprises, innovation activities are both crucial and demanding because of limited resources, competencies, or vision to innovate their offerings. To support these organizations, the concept of living labs as a service has started to emerge. This concept refers to living labs offering services such as designing the idea-generation processes, planning or carrying out real-world tests of innovations, and pre-market launch assessments. In this article, we will present the findings from a study of micro-enterprises operating in the information technology development sector, including the experienced value of services provided to the companies by a research-based living lab. We share experiences from Botnia, our own living lab in northern Sweden. In this living lab, our aim of creating value for customers is of key importance. Our study shows that using a living lab as a service can generate three different types of value: improved innovations, the role the living lab can play, and the support the living lab offers.
Keywords: experience-based values; innovation intermediary; Living lab; micro-enterprise; value

Local Open Innovation: How to Go from Ideas to Solutions - Oscar Smulders (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Local open innovation can be used to create a powerful dynamic within a local multi-stakeholder environment. This article shares the experiences of setting up a collaborative innovation process in a regional initiative in the Netherlands. In the first phase of the process, a couple of interactive idea generating sessions have been organized. These so called Quest for Solutions sessions have not only generated a rich set of useful solutions, but they also created a positive vibe within the local community. Factors that have contributed to the success of the idea generation sessions are working around real-life problems involving people who are directly affected by the problem. The structure of the sessions with alternating phases of divergence, exploration, and convergence allowed for broad understanding of the problems, exploration of potential solutions, and working towards result-oriented value statements. Key challenges in translating the ideas into solutions have been determining the value case and dealing with intellectual property. Special attention is given to the notion of innovative contract design as a means of dealing with intellectual property in an environment of local open innovation.
Keywords: intellectual property; local open innovation; Maintenance Valuepark; Quest for Solutions; regional innovation ecosystem

Managing Cybersecurity Research and Experimental Development: The REVO Approach - Dan Craigen; Drew Vandeth; D’Arcy Walsh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
We present a systematic approach for managing a research and experimental development cybersecurity program that must be responsive to continuously evolving cybersecurity, and other, operational concerns. The approach will be of interest to research-program managers, academe, corporate leads, government leads, chief information officers, chief technology officers, and social and technology policy analysts. The approach is compatible with international standards and procedures published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat (TBS). The key benefits of the approach are the following: i) the breadth of the overall (cybersecurity) space is described; ii) depth statements about specific (cybersecurity) challenges are articulated and mapped to the breadth of the problem; iii) specific (cybersecurity) initiatives that have been resourced through funding or personnel are tracked and linked to specific challenges; and iv) progress is assessed through key performance indicators. Although we present examples from cybersecurity, the method may be transferred to other domains. We have found the approach to be rigorous yet adaptive to change; it challenges an organization to be explicit about the nature of its research and experimental development in a manner that fosters alignment with evolving business priorities, knowledge transfer, and partner engagement.
Keywords: cybersecurity; experimental development; performance indicators; research; research program lifecycle; research-activity descriptions; research-requirement statements; strategic research contexts

Measuring Innovation Skills Acquired by College and Polytechnic Students through Applied Research - Robert Luke (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
This article provides an overview of how colleges and polytechnic institutes are fostering innovation literacy via support for business innovation, and it outlines models for measuring innovation literacy for improved downstream innovation and productivity in industry. The article demonstrates how we can innovate innovation by taking a specific, proactive, and instrumental approach to fostering business innovation and skills acquisition gained through applied research work experience by students as part of their college education. This approach is being used by George Brown College in developing a framework for measuring this innovation potential with a long-term, outcomes-based analysis.
Keywords: applied research; business innovation; college; experiential learning; innovation literacy; logic model; polytechnic; skills; student research

Multifactor Authentication: Its Time Has Come - Jim Reno (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Transactions of any value must be authenticated to help prevent online crime. Even seemingly innocent interactions, such as social media postings, can have serious consequences if used fraudulently. A key problem in modern online interactions is establishing the identity of the user without alienating the user. Historically, almost all online authentications have been implemented using simple passwords, but increasingly these methods are under attack. Multifactor authentication requires the presentation of two or more of the three authentication factor types: “What you know”, “What you have”, and “What you are”. After presentation, each factor must be validated by the other party for authentication to occur. Multifactor authentication is a potential solution to the authentication problem, and it is beginning to be implemented at websites operated by well-known companies. This article surveys the different mechanisms used to implement multifactor authentication. How a site chooses to implement multifactor authentication affects security as well as the overall user experience.
Keywords: authentication attacks; authentication mechanisms; multifactor authentication; online security

Navigating Risk When Entering and Participating in a Business Ecosystem - Derek Smith (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Entrepreneurs typically have limited resources during the start-up phase of a business. Business ecosystems are a strategy for entrepreneurs to access and exchange many different aspects of value, resources, and benefits. However, there may be business risks for entering a particular type of ecosystem, and further risks may be encountered after entering and participating in a business ecosystem. These risks are significant and can inhibit a startup's growth. In this article, the literature on business ecosystems is reviewed as it relates to risk to discover insights of relevance to entrepreneurs, top management teams, and business-ecosystem operators. First, the published research is organized into two streams: i) risks relating to categories of business ecosystems, and ii) risks relating to participating in business ecosystems. Then, the problem is abstracted to develop a potential strategy for managing these risks, which features a pre-entry inspection followed by real-time resource management. Finally, five recommendations are offered for entrepreneurs seeking to enter and participate in business ecosystems.
Keywords: business ecosystem; due diligence; entrepreneurs; literature review; mitigation; risk; risk identification; startups; threat management

Niche Formation in the Mashup Ecosystem - Michael Weiss; Solange Sari; Nadia Noori (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Mashups enable end-users to "mix and match" data and services available on the web to create applications. Their creation is supported by a complex ecosystem of i) data providers who offer open APIs to users, ii) users who combine APIs into mashups, and iii) platforms, such as the ProgrammableWeb or Mashape, that facilitate the construction and publication of mashups. In this article, we argue that the evolution of the mashup ecosystem can be explained in terms of ecosystem niches anchored around hub or keystone APIs. The members of a niche are focused on an area of specialization (e.g., mapping applications) and contribute their knowledge to the value proposition of the ecosystem as a whole. To demonstrate the formation of niches in the mashup ecosystem, we model groups of related mashups as species, and we reconstruct the evolution of mashup species through phylogenetic analysis.
Keywords: ecosystems; evolution; growth; keystones; mashups; niche formation; recombinant innovation; speciation

Open Innovation at the Root of Entrepreneurial Strategy: A Case from the Norwegian Oil Industry - Tatiana Iakovleva (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
This article aims to extend the discussion about entrepreneurial strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by including the concept of open innovation. How can SMEs overcome the challenges of resource scarcity and harsh competition? How they can gain competitive advantage in today’s ever-changing business environment? The answer to both of these questions might be through open innovation: collaborating with researchers, customers, suppliers – even competitors – as well as research institutions and universities. A common barrier to open innovation in an SME is the perception that it will be too time consuming to gain access to a knowledge base of external knowledge providers and link to “gatekeepers” of knowledge. However, an entrepreneurial mindset might help SMEs to move toward an open-innovation approach, where more codified and transferrable knowledge are important. This article discusses the implications of an entrepreneurial focus for open-innovation activities. The usefulness of the open-innovation principles are highlighted through a case study of an Norwegian SME operating in the maritime-oil industry.
Keywords: entrepreneurial orientation; entrepreneurial strategies; Open innovation; SMEs

Open Innovation Processes in Living Lab Innovation Systems: Insights from the LeYLab - Dimitri Schuurman; Lieven De Marez; Pieter Ballon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Living labs have emerged on the crossroads of the open innovation and user innovation frameworks. As open innovation systems, living labs consist of various actors with each playing their specific role. Within this article, we will take an open innovation perspective by analyzing the knowledge spill-overs between living lab actors through three in-depth innovation case studies taking place within the LeYLab living lab in Kortrijk, Belgium. The results illustrate how living labs foster the three open innovation processes of exploration, exploitation, and retention. From our analysis, we conclude that living labs are particularly useful for exploration and, to a lesser extent, exploitation. In terms of retention, living labs seem to hold a large potential; however, the success and the nature of the innovation processes depend on the sustainability of living labs, the number of innovation cases, and the alignment of these cases with the living lab infrastructure. Based on these findings, a concrete set of guidelines is proposed for innovating in living labs and for setting up a living lab constellation.
Keywords: knowledge exchange; living labs; Open innovation; open innovation networks; user innovation

Partner Selection for Open Innovation - Marina Z. Solesvik; Magnus Gulbrandsen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
In this article, we consider open innovation from the perspectives of: i) causation and effectuation, and ii) social networking. Our empirical evidence consists of a case study of a late-stage open-innovation project aimed at creating a hybrid ship that uses liquid natural gas and hydrogen as power sources. The results show that the effectuation approach is preferable to open innovation when the initiator of open innovation aims to keep sensitive information inside the closed group, when the initiator has established an effective team of representatives from other firms from earlier innovation projects, and when the participants are geographically close.
Keywords: causation; effectuation; Norway; Open innovation; partner selection

Peer-to-Peer Enclaves for Improving Network Defence - David W. Archer; Adam Wick (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Information about cyberthreats within networks spreads slowly relative to the speed at which those threats spread. Typical "threat feeds" that are commercially available also disseminate information slowly relative to the propagation speed of attacks, and they often convey irrelevant information about imminent threats. As a result, hosts sharing a network may miss opportunities to improve their defence postures against imminent attack because needed information arrives too late or is lost in irrelevant noise. We envision timely, relevant peer-to-peer sharing of threat information – based on current technologies – as a solution to these problems and as a useful design pattern for defensive cyberwarfare. In our setting, network nodes form communities that we call enclaves, where each node defends itself while sharing information on imminent threats with peers that have similar threat exposure. In this article, we present our vision for this solution. We sketch the architecture of a typical node in such a network and how it might interact with a framework for sharing threat information; we explain why certain defensive countermeasures may work better in our setting; we discuss current tools that could be used as components in our vision; and we describe opportunities for future research and development.
Keywords: cyber countermeasures; cybersecurity; dynamic cyberdefence; enclave computing; network defence; peer-to-peer

Platforms, Communities, and Business Ecosystems: Lessons Learned about Technology Entrepreneurship in an Interconnected World - Steven Muegge (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Technology entrepreneurs are increasingly building businesses that are deliberately anchored in platforms, communities, and business ecosystems. Nonetheless, actionable, evidence-based advice for technology entrepreneurs is scarce. Platforms, communities, and ecosystems are active areas of management research, but until recently, each has been studied in separate research programs, with results published in different venues, and often examined from the perspectives of incumbent managers or policy makers rather than entrepreneurs and new entrants. This article re-examines these phenomena from the perspective of technology entrepreneurs facing strategic choices about interconnected systems of platforms, communities, and business ecosystems, and decisions about the nature and extent of participation. It brings together insights from a wide range of published sources. For entrepreneurs, it provides an accessible introduction to what can be a complex topic, identifies a set of practical considerations to be accounted for in decision-making, and offers a guide for further reading. For researchers and graduate students seeking practical and high-impact research problems, it provides an entry point to the research literature and identifies gaps in the current body of knowledge, especially regarding the system-level interactions between subsystems.
Keywords: architecture of participation; business ecosystem; community; platform; technology entrepreneurship

Problemsourcing: Local Open Innovation for R&D Organizations - Sally Davenport; Stephen Cummings; Urs Daellenbach; Charles Campbell (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Open innovation and crowdsourcing are usually focused on using others external to the organization to solve your problems. How then do R&D organizations, who traditionally solve the problems of others, harness the benefits of open innovation and crowdsourcing yet maintain their mission and capabilities? "Problemsourcing" may provide the answer. In this mode of open innovation, the open call to the "crowd" of businesses is for them to suggest problems that, if solved by the R&D organization, could greatly enhance the business’ competitive advantage and therefore the nation’s economy. In this article, we describe a problemsourcing initiative developed by Industrial Research Ltd (IRL), a government-owned R&D organization in New Zealand. The "What’s Your Problem New Zealand?" competition promised NZ$1m worth of R&D services to the winning business. Using this case study, we map a range of benefits of crowdsourcing for R&D problems, including generating a potential pipeline of projects and clients as well as avoiding the challenge to the professional status of the organization’s research capability. A side-effect not initially taken account of was that, by demonstrating openness, accessibility, and helpfulness, the reputation of the research organization was greatly enhanced. The problemsourcing model provided by the "What’s Your Problem New Zealand?" competition represents a new strategic possibility for R&D organizations that complements their traditional business model by drawing on the openness that open innovation and crowdsourcing seek to leverage. As such, it can provide insights for other research organizations wishing to make use of the connectivity afforded by open innovation and crowdsourcing.
Keywords: crowdsourcing; local open innovation; Open innovation; problemsourcing; R&D

Protecting Critical Infrastructure by Identifying Pathways of Exposure to Risk - Philip O’Neill (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Increasingly, our critical infrastructure is managed and controlled by computers and the information networks that connect them. Cyber-terrorists and other malicious actors understand the economic and social impact that a successful attack on these systems could have. While it is imperative that we defend against such attacks, it is equally imperative that we realize how best to react to them. This article presents the strongest-path method of analyzing all potential pathways of exposure to risk – no matter how indirect or circuitous they may be – in a network model of infrastructure and operations. The method makes direct use of expert knowledge about entities and dependency relationships without the need for any simulation or any other models. By using path analysis in a directed graph model of critical infrastructure, planners can model and assess the effects of a potential attack and develop resilient responses.
Keywords: critical infrastructure; cybersecurity; directed graph; modelling; path analysis; risk analysis; simulation; strongest-path method

Q&A. Do Technology Startups Need Product Managers? - Alan Mcnaughtan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: Mint; product management; product manager; startups; Wesabe

Q&A. How Do You Program Innovative Thinking into Company Culture? - Tim Ragan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: business strategy; company culture; entrepreneurship; innovation

Q&A. Is Open Source Sustainable? - Matt Asay (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: Apache; GPL; licenses; open source; sustainability

Q&A. Should Startups Care about Application Security? - Sherif Koussa (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: application security; architecture; checklists; code reviews; cybersecurity; design; detection; prevention; software security; startups; training

Q&A. What Are the Components of Canada's Innovation Ecosystem and How Well Is it Performing? - David B. Watters (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: academia; commercialization; innovation; innovation ecosystem; performance; policy; private sector; public sector

Quantitative Metrics and Risk Assessment: The Three Tenets Model of Cybersecurity - Jeff Hughes; George Cybenko (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Progress in operational cybersecurity has been difficult to demonstrate. In spite of the considerable research and development investments made for more than 30 years, many government, industrial, financial, and consumer information systems continue to be successfully attacked and exploited on a routine basis. One of the main reasons that progress has been so meagre is that most technical cybersecurity solutions that have been proposed to-date have been point solutions that fail to address operational tradeoffs, implementation costs, and consequent adversary adaptations across the full spectrum of vulnerabilities. Furthermore, sound prescriptive security principles previously established, such as the Orange Book, have been difficult to apply given current system complexity and acquisition approaches. To address these issues, the authors have developed threat-based descriptive methodologies to more completely identify system vulnerabilities, to quantify the effectiveness of possible protections against those vulnerabilities, and to evaluate operational consequences and tradeoffs of possible protections. This article begins with a discussion of the tradeoffs among seemingly different system security properties such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability. We develop a quantitative framework for understanding these tradeoffs and the issues that arise when those security properties are all in play within an organization. Once security goals and candidate protections are identified, risk/benefit assessments can be performed using a novel multidisciplinary approach, called “QuERIES.” The article ends with a threat-driven quantitative methodology, called “The Three Tenets”, for identifying vulnerabilities and countermeasures in networked cyber-physical systems. The goal of this article is to offer operational guidance, based on the techniques presented here, for informed decision making about cyber-physical system security.
Keywords: availability; confidentiality; integrity; quantitative cybersecurity; risk assessment; vulnerabilities

Quebec Seeks Solutions: An Economic Development Agency's Role in Local Open Innovation - Alexandra Berger Masson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
This article offers an economic-development perspective on a new method for local companies to find innovative solutions to their most challenging business problems: local open innovation. Quebec International, the economic development agency for the Quebec City area, contributed to the development of the Seeking Solutions approach to local open innovation, which included the hosting of problem-solving conferences with local research centres, economic development actors, and companies. Looking back on our experiences and outcomes since 2010, this article shows how the development and introduction of this new approach to local open innovation has changed the rules of the game in the region.
Keywords: collaboration; economic development; local open innovation; Open innovation; private research and development; Quebec Seeks Solutions

Rapid Prototyping Using a Configurable Platform - Antonio Misaka (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
This article describes an approach for speeding up the development of web applications using a configurable platform. The core idea of the approach is that developers can implement customer requirements by configuring platform components, instead of writing large amounts of “glue code” to wire the components together. This approach reduces the amount of glue code that still needs to be written and maintained, it shortens the time it takes developers to create a prototype, and it makes it easier for glue code to be reused in the future. It also allows developers to experiment with different configurations of platform components in order to find the configuration that best meets the customer's requirements. Developers are also able to manage a larger variation in customer requirements.
Keywords: configurable platform; rapid prototyping; requirements analysis; software product-line engineering; web applications

Reinventing the Wheel: Contextualizing Existing Innovations as a Path to Market Success - Jeff Moretz; Karthik Sankaranarayanan; Jennifer Percival (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
In the quest to create cutting-edge products, organizations often invest substantial time, attention, and capital in primary research and development (R&D). By themselves, these R&D investments to create avant-garde products may not provide good return-on-investment. In the context of Canadian businesses, there is a significant scarcity of resources available for R&D. What can Canadian firms do to stay innovative when they face a plethora of difficulties, including insufficient funding? This article explores how organizations can leverage external innovation and existing technologies to create products or services that cater to the market needs. We present a three-pillar model along with examples of companies that attained market success in large part by contextualizing existing technologies in order to create innovative products or services. This approach provides companies with a high-level framework to facilitate resource-parsimonious creation of commercializable, innovative products that are competitive in today’s global marketplace.
Keywords: commercialization; contextualization of innovation; Innovation management; market-focused innovation; organization

A Research Agenda for Security Engineering - Rich Goyette; Yan Robichaud; François Marinier (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Despite nearly 30 years of research and application, the practice of information system security engineering has not yet begun to exhibit the traits of a rigorous scientific discipline. As cyberadversaries have become more mature, sophisticated, and disciplined in their tradecraft, the science of security engineering has not kept pace. The evidence of the erosion of our digital security – upon which society is increasingly dependent – appears in the news almost daily. In this article, we outline a research agenda designed to begin addressing this deficit and to move information system security engineering toward a mature engineering discipline. Our experience suggests that there are two key areas in which this movement should begin. First, a threat model that is actionable from the perspectives of risk management and security engineering should be developed. Second, a practical and relevant security-measurement framework should be developed to adequately inform security-engineering and risk-management processes. Advances in these areas will particularly benefit business/government risk assessors as well as security engineers performing security design work, leading to more accurate, meaningful, and quantitative risk analyses and more consistent and coherent security design decisions. Threat modelling and security measurement are challenging activities to get right – especially when they need to be applied in a general context. However, these are decisive starting points because they constitute the foundation of a scientific security-engineering practice. Addressing these challenges will require stronger and more coherent integration between the sub-disciplines of risk assessment and security engineering, including new tools to facilitate that integration. More generally, changes will be required in the way security engineering is both taught and practiced to take into account the holistic approach necessary from a mature, scientific discipline.
Keywords: cybersecurity; information system security engineering; research; risk management; security engineering; security measurement; threat modelling

Rethinking Open Innovation Beyond the Innovation Funnel - Wim Vanhaverbeke (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
In this article, I first argue that open innovation can be applied in situations where companies do not themselves develop new products or services. As a consequence, open innovation becomes relevant for a much larger group of organizations than previously considered. Second, I argue that open-innovation scholars have insufficiently differentiated open-innovation initiatives in terms of their impact on companies’ growth: some open-innovation initiatives lead to incremental innovations in an existing business while, in other cases, open-innovation initiatives are used to establish completely new businesses. Both arguments illustrate the need to integrate open-innovation initiatives into the strategy of the firm.
Keywords: innovation funnel; new product development; Open innovation; strategy

Risk Management in Crowdsourcing-Based Business Ecosystems - Suchita Nirosh Kannangara; Peter Uguccioni (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
The benefits of crowdsourcing are enabled by open environments where multiple external stakeholders contribute to a firm's outcomes. However, crowdsourcing typically has been examined as a general process and not from the specific perspective of a mechanism for driving value creation and capture within a business ecosystem. In this conceptual article, we highlight this research gap by examining crowdsourcing from a business ecosystem perspective and by identifying the inherent business risks in crowdsourcing-based business ecosystems. We apply the concept of ecosystem health to the crowdsourcing context, in terms of how firms create and capture value, and we examine the methods by which these firms can maximize health by mitigating risk in crowdsourcing-based business ecosystems.
Keywords: business ecosystem health; business ecosystems; crowdsourcing; risk management

On the Road to Holistic Decision Making in Adaptive Security - Mahsa Emami-Taba; Mehdi Amoui; Ladan Tahvildari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Security is a critical concern in today's software systems. Besides the interconnectivity and dynamic nature of network systems, the increasing complexity in modern software systems amplifies the complexity of IT security. This fact leaves attackers one step ahead in exploiting vulnerabilities and introducing new cyberattacks. The demand for new methodologies in addressing cybersecurity is emphasized by both private and national corporations. A practical solution to dynamically manage the high complexity of IT security is adaptive security, which facilitates analysis of the system's behaviour and hence the prevention of malicious attacks in complex systems. Systems that feature adaptive security detect and mitigate security threats at runtime with little or no administrator involvement. In these systems, decisions at runtime are balanced according to quality and performance goals. This article describes the necessity of holistic decision making in such systems and paves the road to future research.
Keywords: adaptive security; architecture; automation; cyberattacks; cybersecurity; game theory; holistic decision making; self-adaptive software; self-protecting software

Securing Canada’s Information-Technology Infrastructure: Context, Principles, and Focus Areas of Cybersecurity Research - Dan Craigen; D’Arcy Walsh; David Whyte (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
This article addresses the challenges of cybersecurity and ultimately the provision of a stable and resilient information-technology infrastructure for Canada and, more broadly, the world. We describe the context of current cybersecurity challenges by synthesizing key source material whose importance was informed by our own real-world experiences. Furthermore, we present a checklist of guiding principles to a unified response, complete with a set of action-oriented research topics that are linked to known operational limitations. The focus areas are used to drive the formulation of a unified and relevant research and experimental development program, thereby moving us towards a stable and resilient cyberinfrastructure. When cybersecurity is viewed as an inherently interdisciplinary problem of societal concern, we expect that fundamentally new research perspectives will emerge in direct response to domain-specific protection requirements for information-technology infrastructure. Purely technical responses to cybersecurity challenges will be inadequate because human factors are an inherent aspect of the problem. This article will interest managers and entrepreneurs. Senior management teams can assess new technical developments and product releases to fortify their current security solutions, while entrepreneurs can harness new opportunities to commercialize novel technology to solve a high-impact cybersecurity problem..
Keywords: Canada; cyberdefence; cyberinfrastructure; cybersecurity; entrepreneurship; experimental development program; information-technology infrastructure; management; research

Security Challenges in Smart-Grid Metering and Control Systems - Xinxin Fan; Guang Gong (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
The smart grid is a next-generation power system that is increasingly attracting the attention of government, industry, and academia. It is an upgraded electricity network that depends on two-way digital communications between supplier and consumer that in turn give support to intelligent metering and monitoring systems. Considering that energy utilities play an increasingly important role in our daily life, smart-grid technology introduces new security challenges that must be addressed. Deploying a smart grid without adequate security might result in serious consequences such as grid instability, utility fraud, and loss of user information and energy-consumption data. Due to the heterogeneous communication architecture of smart grids, it is quite a challenge to design sophisticated and robust security mechanisms that can be easily deployed to protect communications among different layers of the smart grid-infrastructure. In this article, we focus on the communication-security aspect of a smart-grid metering and control system from the perspective of cryptographic techniques, and we discuss different mechanisms to enhance cybersecurity of the emerging smart grid. We aim to provide a comprehensive vulnerability analysis as well as novel insights on the cybersecurity of a smart grid.
Keywords: authentication; cybersecurity; encryption; privacy; smart grid

The Seeking Solutions Approach: Solving Challenging Business Problems with Local Open Innovation - Christophe Deutsch (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
How can small and medium-sized enterprises try open innovation and increase their level of collaboration with local partners? This article describes a possible solution: the Seeking Solutions approach. The Seeking Solutions process consists of four steps: a call for problems, problem selection, problem broadcast, and a collaborative event. This approach has been successfully used for the Quebec Seeks Solutions events in 2010 and 2012 with concrete results and real impacts. By mixing open innovation and collaboration, the Seeking Solutions approach has introduced a new concept: local open innovation.
Keywords: broadcast of search; collaboration; crowdsourcing; local open innovation; Open innovation; Seeking Solutions

Servitization in a Security Business: Changing the Logic of Value Creation - Arto Rajala; Mika Westerlund; Mervi Murtonen; Kim Starck (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
How can a firm change its value-creation logic from providing technology to selling technology-based services? This is a question many security companies face today when trying to apply a solutions-based business model in response to recent macro- and microeconomic trends. The fact that customers increasingly demand security as a service, rather than technical equipment, challenges the basis of a security firm's value provision and alters the logic of its operation. In this article, we investigate a technology- and product-oriented security business that is now rapidly transforming into a service business. We use data from a case study to propose a 4C model (conceptualization, calculation, communication, and co-creation of value) that can help security providers to objectify their service offerings and succeed in the servitization of their security businesses.
Keywords: co-creation; customer value creation; objectification; products; security; services; servitization; value provision

Strategic Innovation for Business Performance: The Art and Science of Transformation - Harold Schroeder (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Despite the well-documented association between innovation and business performance, many organizations struggle in their attempts to become successful innovators. This article discusses a recommended “art and science of transformation” approach to help companies improve their innovation performance through effective organizational change. The approach is focused on four key factors: culture, collaboration, strategy, and systems. Examples are drawn from a review of previous research to demonstrate successful innovation practice using similar approaches, and examples of less successful practice are included to highlight ways in which an "art and science" approach can help overcome the difficulties often faced. The article concludes with some practical, step-by-step guidance based on the art and science of transformation framework.
Keywords: art and science of transformation; innovation; organizational change; strategy; transformation

Strategic Partnerships and Open Innovation in the Biotechnology Industry in Belgium - Jean-Pierre Segers (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Strategic partnerships in the biotechnology industry allow new technology-based firms to gain a foothold in this high-cost, high-risk industry. In this article, we examine the impact of strategic partnerships and open innovation on the success of new biotechnology firms in Belgium by developing multiple case studies of firms in regional biotechnology clusters. We find that, despite their small size and relative immaturity, new biotechnology firms are able to adopt innovative business models by providing R&D and services to larger firms and openly cooperating with them through open innovation.
Keywords: Belgium; biotechnology; business models; Open innovation; R&D; strategic partnerships

Sustainability and Governance in Developing Open Source Projects as Processes of In-Becoming - Daniel Curto-Millet (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Sustainability is often thought of as a binary state: an open source project is either sustainable or not. In reality, sustainability is much more complex. What makes this project more sustainable than that one? Why should it be assumed in the first place that sustainability is a prolonged state of an ingraced project? The threads are pulled from their yarns in many directions. This article attempts to reconceptualize some assumed notions of the processes involved in developing open source software. It takes the stance in favour of studying the fluctuant nature of open source and the associated artefacts, not as well-defined objects, but as commons that are continually built upon, evolved, and modified; sometimes in unexpected ways. Further, the governance of these commons is an ongoing process, tightly linked with the way in which these commons are allowed to further develop. This perspective of "in-becoming" is useful in understanding the efforts and processes that need to be provided to sustainably govern the development of open source projects and the advantages for managing requirements derived therein.
Keywords: becoming; emergence; governance; open source; Ostrom; processes; requirements; sustainability

Sustainability in Open Source Software Commons: Lessons Learned from an Empirical Study of SourceForge Projects - Charles M. Schweik (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
In this article, we summarize a five-year US National Science Foundation funded study designed to investigate the factors that lead some open source projects to ongoing collaborative success while many others become abandoned. Our primary interest was to conduct a study that was closely representative of the population of open source software projects in the world, rather than focus on the more-often studied, high-profile successful cases. After building a large database of projects (n=174,333) and implementing a major survey of open source developers (n=1403), we were able to conduct statistical analyses to investigate over forty theoretically-based testable hypotheses. Our data firmly support what we call the conventional theory of open source software, showing that projects start small, and, in successful cases, grow slightly larger in terms of team size. We describe the “virtuous circle” supporting conventional wisdom of open source collaboration that comes out of this analysis, and we discuss two other interesting findings related to developer motivations and how team members find each other. Each of these findings is related to the sustainability of these projects.
Keywords: commons; institutional analysis; internet-based collaboration; open source software; SourceForge

Sustainability of Open Collaborative Communities: Analyzing Recruitment Efficiency - Kevin Crowston; Nicolas Jullien; Felipe Ortega (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Extensive research has been conducted over the past years to improve our understanding of sustainability conditions for large-scale collaborative projects, especially from an economic and governance perspective. However, the influence of recruitment and retention of participants in these projects has received comparatively less attention from researchers. Nevertheless, these concerns are significant for practitioners, especially regarding the apparently decreasing ability of the main open online projects to attract and retain new contributors. A possible explanation for this decrease is that those projects have simply reached a mature state of development. Marwell and Oliver (1993) and Oliver, Marwell, and Teixeira (1985) note that, at the initial stage in collective projects, participants are few and efforts are costly; in the diffusion phase, the number of participants grows, as their efforts are rewarding; and in the mature phase, some inefficiency may appear as the number of contributors is greater than required for the work. In this article, we examine this possibility. We use original data from 36 Wikipedias in different languages to compare their efficiency in recruiting participants. We chose Wikipedia because the different language projects are at different states of development, but are quite comparable on the other aspects, providing a test of the impact of development on efficiency. Results confirm that most of the largest Wikipedias seem to be characterized by a reduced return to scale. As a result, we can draw interesting conclusions that can be useful for practitioners, facilitators, and managers of collaborative projects in order to identify key factors potentially influencing the adequate development of their communities over the medium-to-long term.
Keywords: DEA modeling; efficiency; recruitment; Wikipedia

TIM Lecture Series – Energy Efficiency and Data Security in Modern Data Centres - Jerry Glowka (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: data centre; design; energy conservation; green innovation; power saving; security; storage

TIM Lecture Series – Enhancing Competitive Position Through Innovation Beyond R&D - Sorin Cohn (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: Canada; commercialization; competition; culture; entrepreneurship; globalization; innovation; managing innovation; metrics

TIM Lecture Series – Green Business Models to Change the World: How Can Entrepreneurs Ride the Sustainability Wave? - Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: business models; eco-efficiency; entrepreneurship; green innovation; sustainability; value creation

TIM Lecture Series – Local Open Innovation and the Seeking Solutions Approach - Christophe Deutsch; Philippe Dancause (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: local open innovation; Open innovation; Quebec Seeks Solution; Seeking Solutions

TIM Lecture Series – Technology Adoption by Design: Insights for Entrepreneurs - Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: activity theory; actor-network theory; co-creation; customer creativity; innovation; invention; technology adoption

TIM Lecture Series – Using Risk to Drive a Security Service - Paul Card (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: cybersecurity; platforms; risk management; security; services; strategy; uncertainty

Time to Innovate: Reflections and Recommendations on Time Management for Innovation Managers - Robert J. Crawhall (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Effective time management is a critical success factor for most projects; however, it is particularly challenging for projects involving substantial innovation. For most projects, time (i.e., the schedule) becomes a management "red flag" that signals when something goes wrong or gets out of control. The challenge for projects involving significant innovation is that one or more critical activities may be of an unknown duration or involve factors outside the normal design process and require "red flagging" from the outset. Managers of innovation projects have to distinguish between those activities or work packets that are a part of “business as usual” and those that involve innovation. They must identify and quantify the schedule risks and develop strategies to mitigate them. For example, one strategy to manage time-related risk is to decouple the innovation value as perceived by the customer (innovation output) from the technology innovation that is needed to deliver the product value in a cost-effective manner (innovation input). This strategy should take into account the likely consequences of longer-than-anticipated innovation time. Two common risks associated with poor time management for innovation are running out of financial runway to reach sustainable revenue and missing a critical market window. In this article, the author reflects on almost 30 years of experience in the Canadian innovation system across several industry sectors and provides some practical recommendations on time management for innovation managers.
Keywords: commercialization; innovation; product development; technology; time management

University-SME Collaboration and Open Innovation: Intellectual-Property Management Tools and the Roles of Intermediaries - Isabelle Deschamps; Maria G. Macedo; Christian Eve-Levesque (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
In 2009, the Conseil de la science et de la technologie du Québec (CST) made 13 recommendations to the Government of Quebec in order to shift innovative actors towards open-innovation practices adapted to the province's context: diversified economic sectors, a majority of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), public universities, etc. Among these recommendations are: i) to set up flexible mechanisms to promote research collaboration between public-private sectors such as universities and SMEs, and ii) to optimize intermediation bodies’ contribution to establish open-innovation practices. Furthermore, the lack of adequate understanding and tools for the management of intellectual property (IP) was identified as a major inhibitor of open-innovation practices, to which actors should pay specific attention. In this article, we present results and recommendations from a field study focused on two groups of actors: i) companies involved in collaborative innovation and ii) intermediary agents enabling innovation and technology transfer. Our first goal was to shed some light on factors that facilitate open innovation through improved university-enterprise collaborations and, more importantly, that attempt to overcome the irritants related to IP management. Our second goal was to analyze the roles of diverse intermediaries in the fostering of successful collaborations between universities and SMEs. Our study yielded three findings: i) SMEs do not care about understanding and improving their capabilities about IP and are not equipped with adequate tools and best practices for managing IP and for managing the overall collaborative mechanisms in general; ii) this gap in preparation for open innovation is persistent, since even the intermediaries, whose role is to guide SMEs in university-enterprise collaborations, suffer themselves from the lack of appropriate IP transfer and sharing tools, and do not perceive the need to offer better support in this regard; and iii) overall, current IP-transfer and collaboration-management tools are not sophisticated enough to provide appropriate support for the implementation of open innovation, by which we mean more open and collaborative innovation in the context of university-enterprise collaborations.
Keywords: intellectual property; intermediaries; IP management; Open innovation; technology transfer; university-enterprise collaboration; university-SME collaboration

Using Boundary Management for More Effective Product Development - John Thomson; Vince Thomson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Twenty years ago, most companies developed their own products in a single location and brought them to market themselves. Today, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are enlisting partners on a global scale as subsystem designers and producers in order to create and deliver new products into the market more rapidly and more frequently. This is especially true for large, complex products from the aerospace, telecommunications, electronics, and software industries. To assure the delivery of information across organizational boundaries, new coordination mechanisms need to be adopted (boundary management). In this article, best practices are described on how OEMs and partners self-organize and use agile, cooperative techniques to maintain daily communication among numerous internal and partner engineers to better coordinate product design and system integration. This article focuses on examples from the aerospace industry; however; these tactics can be applied in any organization to innovate at faster rates, to make delivery times more predictable, and to realize shorter product development timelines.
Keywords: boundary management; collaborative product development; outsourcing; partnering; product development; review-approve process

Accelerating a Network Model of Care: Taking a Social Innovation to Scale - Vickie Cammack; Kerry Byrne (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Government-funded systems of health and social care are facing enormous fiscal and human-resource challenges. The space for innovation in care is wide open and new disruptive patterns are emerging. These include self-management and personal budgets, participatory and integrated care, supported decision making and a renewed focus on prevention. Taking these disruptive patterns to scale can be accelerated by a technologically enabled shift to a network model of care to co-create the best outcomes for individuals, family caregivers, and health and social care organizations. The connections, relationships, and activities within an individual’s personal network lay the foundation for care that health and social care systems/policy must simultaneously support and draw on for positive outcomes. Practical tools, adequate information, and tangible resources are required to coordinate and sustain care. Tyze Personal Networks is a social venture that uses technology to engage and inform the individual, their personal networks, and their care providers to co-create the best outcomes. In this article, we demonstrate how Tyze contributes to a shift to a network model of care by strengthening our networks and enhancing partnerships between care providers, individuals, and family and friends.
Keywords: network centric care; network model of care; personal networks; social innovation; Tyze

Applying the Theory of the Firm to Examine a Technology Startup at the Investment Stage - Michael Ayukawa (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
The investment stage of a new technology firm is when resources, opportunities, investors, and early customers first converge. Currently, technology entrepreneurs make many expensive mistakes. They invest in assets and develop capabilities that prove to have limited value. They take too long to discover and validate the product-market fit for their firms during the investment stage and run out of time and money. Understanding how theory can help entrepreneurs make decisions during the investment stage is important to accelerate new-firm formation and growth as well as to reduce the uncertainty of founders and stakeholders of technology firms. This article introduces a model developed to examine deal making during the investment stage of a new technology firm. It is an extension of a model of lateral firm scope proposed by Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmstrom. The extensions come from considering a technology firm as being both a deal-making entity and a pool of resources during the investment stage. A deal is the result of a decision the entrepreneur and others make to coordinate (i.e., work together to achieve a common objective). Benefits from a deal include cash profits for the firm and private benefits for the entrepreneur. This extended model is then applied to examine the author’s firm which is still in the investment stage. Application of the extended model to a real-life situation generated two important insights: i) when private benefits include learning from experimentation, the number of deals increases and ii) at the start of the investment stage, private benefits drive deal-making, whereas at the end of the investment stage, cash profits derived from asset ownership drive deal-making.
Keywords: deals; investment; technology entrepreneurship; theory of the firm

Being Disruptive: How Open Growth is Delivering Effective Social Change at a Fast Pace - Elisha Muskat; Delyse Sylvester (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Both innovators and funders need tools that map the entire constellation of solutions in a sector. Innovators, often labeled and isolated as system disruptors, need to be linked with their global peers offering and seeking each others proven strategies to accelerate positive change. The impact investing space needs a simple, open, and transparent way to find, convene, support, and track the progress of innovators. This article describes how the Ashoka Changemakers.com online community creates a space for: investors to find and support multiple innovations; social innovators to find each other, work together, and source funds; and disruptive innovations to grow over time where disruptive change is needed, fast. Crowd-sourcing, transparency, and open growth are keys to accelerating large-scale change and creating a world of changemakers.
Keywords: crowdsourcing; open growth; open source; scaling-up; social entrepreneurship; social innovation; social networks; transparency

Building Trust in High-Performing Teams - Mila Hakanen; Aki Soudunsaari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Facilitation of growth is more about good, trustworthy contacts than capital. Trust is a driving force for business creation, and to create a global business you need to build a team that is capable of meeting the challenge. Trust is a key factor in team building and a needed enabler for cooperation. In general, trust building is a slow process, but it can be accelerated with open interaction and good communication skills. The fast-growing and ever-changing nature of global business sets demands for cooperation and team building, especially for startup companies. Trust building needs personal knowledge and regular face-to-face interaction, but it also requires empathy, respect, and genuine listening. Trust increases communication, and rich and open communication is essential for the building of high-performing teams. Other building materials are a shared vision, clear roles and responsibilities, willingness for cooperation, and supporting and encouraging leadership. This study focuses on trust in high-performing teams. It asks whether it is possible to manage trust and which tools and operation models should be used to speed up the building of trust. In this article, preliminary results from the authors’ research are presented to highlight the importance of sharing critical information and having a high level of communication through constant interaction.
Keywords: high-performance teams; high-performing teams; social capital; team; team building; trust; wellbeing

A Business Application of the System Dynamics Approach: Word-of-Mouth and Its Effect in an Online Environment - Roman Wong; Shirley Ye Sheng (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
In this article, we illustrate the use of system dynamics modeling approach to study a complex system: word-of-mouth. Word-of-mouth plays an important role in reducing risk and uncertainty in purchase and consumption. Most of the prior research on word-of-mouth focused on studying either the factors that trigger consumers’ participation (sending or receiving) in word-of-mouth activities or the impact word-of-mouth information has on consumers’ buying decisions. The relationship between the two decision processes, however, is recursive and dynamic. Most prior studies have not focused on a recursive relationship. Our objective is to present a system dynamics model for the study of the relationship between the buying decision and the decision to participate in word-of-mouth communication. We also discuss how system dynamics modeling can be used in other complex problems in business such as the creation of a global business.
Keywords: adoption; modeling; recursive relationship; system dynamics; word-of-mouth

Business Model Discovery by Technology Entrepreneurs - Steven Muegge (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Value creation and value capture are central to technology entrepreneurship. The ways in which a particular firm creates and captures value are the foundation of that firm's business model, which is an explanation of how the business delivers value to a set of customers at attractive profits. Despite the deep conceptual link between business models and technology entrepreneurship, little is known about the processes by which technology entrepreneurs produce successful business models. This article makes three contributions to partially address this knowledge gap. First, it argues that business model discovery by technology entrepreneurs can be, and often should be, disciplined by both intention and structure. Second, it provides a tool for disciplined business model discovery that includes an actionable process and a worksheet for describing a business model in a form that is both concise and explicit. Third, it shares preliminary results and lessons learned from six technology entrepreneurs applying a disciplined process to strengthen or reinvent the business models of their own nascent technology businesses.
Keywords: business models; commercialization; innovation; technology entrepreneurship; value capture; value creation

Categorizing the Growth Strategies of Small Firms - Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
This study investigates the link between a small firm’s investment in R&D and its growth strategy. A firm’s growth strategy refers to the means by which the organization plans to achieve its objective to grow in volume and turnover. We categorize firm growth strategies into eight distinctive clusters: opportunity explorers, radical innovators, business developers, business expanders, profit makers, business rebuilders, stagnators, and downsizers. We argue that understanding a firm’s growth orientation provides a way to assess the returns of its R&D investments, because an organization’s intangible growth strategies and tangible inputs are connected.
Keywords: growth orientation; growth strategies; R&D investment; technology entrepreneurship

Chinese Entrepreneurs Go Global - Daniel Zhou (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
China may be on the tipping point of explosive global growth. In response to changes in the global economy and an economic slowdown domestically, hundreds of thousands of Chinese SMEs are being encouraged to “go global” by their central and local governments. To a Chinese company, going global requires the expansion of its existing business in other countries or the development of new ventures with partners operating in other countries. Explosive growth in China may be possible, but it will depend on an appropriate strategy for going global. For a country that has firmly established itself as an international manufacturing hub, going global requires a shift in its entrepreneurial capacity, which is the focus of this article. We first assess the current situation in China to understand its current entrepreneurial focus and capacity, as well as the impetus for change. Next, we contrast the Kirznerian and Schumpeterian views of entrepreneurship to illustrate that – to go global – Chinese entrepreneurs must shift from an emphasis on exploiting pricing inefficiencies (i.e., Kirznerian entrepreneurship) to an emphasis on innovation (i.e., Schumpeterian entrepreneurship). Finally, we examine unique characteristics of the business environment and culture in China, which are likely to impact the ability of Chinese entrepreneurs to go global.
Keywords: China; entrepreneurship; familism; go global; guanxi; Kirzner; Schumpeter

Collective Value Creation and Empowerment in an Online Brand Community: A Netnographic Study on LEGO Builders - Hanna Kurikko; Pekka Tuominen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Online communities are becoming “places” of belonging, information, and emotional support that people cannot do without. These social groups have a real existence for their participants, and thus have consequential effects on many aspects of behaviour. This article examines collective value creation and empowerment in an online brand community. It presents the main features of an online brand community, the process of value co-creation, and motivators for participating in online brand communities. These key factors jointly characterize collective value creation and empowerment. This netnographic study focuses on an online brand community called BrickBuilders, which is a meeting place for LEGO builders in Finland. BrickBuilders’ members feel a sense of belonging, they share similar motivations, and they create value together.
Keywords: netnography; online community; service brand; social media; value co-creation

Creating Tomorrow’s Global Entrepreneurs: A Case Study of the Stu Clark Centre for Entrepreneurship - Malcolm C. Smith; Mavis McRae (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
This article presents a case study of the University of Manitoba’s Stu Clark Centre for Entrepreneurship. The Centre provides experiential entrepreneurial training for youth as well as undergraduate and MBA students. The article describes the various programs the Centre is involved with both locally and internationally. These include preparing students for investment competitions, entrepreneurship day camps for at-risk youth, undergraduate entrepreneurship student exchange, and national and international training of entrepreneurship teachers.
Keywords: entrepreneurship education and training; business plan development; student exchange

Creativity: Linking Theory and Practice for Entrepreneurs - Tom Duxbury (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
In this article, creativity research is brought into focus for those involved in the practice of entrepreneurship. The author provides a background on creativity research, how it is defined, and systems models that attempt to explain it. The author distinguishes between creative and innovative activities, and provides advice to entrepreneurs to help realize the creative potential of their organizations. The author reinforces the view that entrepreneurs create new value by investing in ideas, and specific recommendations are made for creating supportive structures, building teams of creative individuals, and successfully championing ideas to acquire the resources they need to produce innovations.
Keywords: commercialization; creativity; entrepreneurship; innovation

A Customer Value Creation Framework for Businesses That Generate Revenue with Open Source Software - Aparna Shanker (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Technology entrepreneurs must create value for customers in order to generate revenue. This article examines the dimensions of customer value creation and provides a framework to help entrepreneurs, managers, and leaders of open source projects create value, with an emphasis on businesses that generate revenue from open source assets. The proposed framework focuses on a firm's pre-emptive value offering (also known as a customer value proposition). This is a firm's offering of the value it seeks to create for a customer, in order to meet his or her requirements.
Keywords: customer value; customer value creation; open source business; technology entrepreneurship; value proposition

Designing Viable Business Models for Living Labs - Bernhard Katzy (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Over 300 regions have integrated the concept of living labs into their economic development strategy since 2006, when the former Finnish Prime Minister Esko Aho launched the living lab innovation policy initiative during his term of European presidency. Despite motivating initial results, however, success cases of turning research into usable new products and services remain few and uncertainty remains on what living labs actually do and contribute. This practitioner-oriented article presents a business excellence model that shows processes of idea creation and team mobilization, new product development, user involvement, and entrepreneurship through which living labs deliver high-potential investment opportunities. Customers of living labs are identified as investors such as venture capitalists or industrial firms because living labs can generate revenue from them to create their own sustainable business model. The article concludes that living labs provide extensive support “lab” infrastructure and that it remains a formidable challenge to finance it, which calls for a more intensive debate.
Keywords: business excellence model; business models; co-creation; living labs

Developmental Impact Analysis of an ICT-Enabled Scalable Healthcare Model in BRICS Economies - Punit Saurabh; Bhaskar Bhowmick; Amrita; Dhrubes Biswas (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
This article highlights the need for initiating a healthcare business model in a grassroots, emerging-nation context. This article’s backdrop is a history of chronic anomalies afflicting the healthcare sector in India and similarly placed BRICS nations. In these countries, a significant percentage of populations remain deprived of basic healthcare facilities and emergency services. Community (primary care) services are being offered by public and private stakeholders as a panacea to the problem. Yet, there is an urgent need for specialized (tertiary care) services at all levels. As a response to this challenge, an all-inclusive health-exchange system (HES) model, which utilizes information communication technology (ICT) to provide solutions in rural India, has been developed. The uniqueness of the model lies in its innovative hub-and-spoke architecture and its emphasis on affordability, accessibility, and availability to the masses. This article describes a developmental impact analysis (DIA) that was used to assess the impact of this model. The article contributes to the knowledge base of readers by making them aware of the healthcare challenges emerging nations are facing and ways to mitigate those challenges using entrepreneurial solutions.
Keywords: business model innovation; developmental Impact analysis; DIA; health technology; social entrepreneurship

Ecosystem Under Construction: An Action Research Study on Entrepreneurship in a Business Ecosystem - Marikka Heikkilä; Leni Kuivaniemi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
In recent years, we have seen increasing interest in new service concepts that take advantage of the capabilities of business ecosystems instead of single companies. In this article, we describe how a business ecosystem begins to develop around a service business idea proposed by an entrepreneur. We aim to recognize the different domains of players that are or should be involved in the ecosystem while it is under construction. The article concludes with an ecosystem model consisting of six sub-ecosystems having different change drivers and clockspeeds.
Keywords: business ecosystems; business model; business networks; health exercise; wellbeing

Editorial: Born Global (October 2012) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: born global; entrepreneurs; entrepreneurship; export; globalization; internationalization; startups

Editorial: Entrepreneurship in the 21st Century (August 2012) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: entrepreneurship; innovation; technology entrepreneurship

Editorial: Global Business Creation (June 2012) - Chris McPhee; Marko Seppä; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: global business creation; globalization; international business; startups; venture creation

Editorial: Insights (November 2012) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: competitive advantage; global entrepreneurship; green innovation; innovation; process adaptability; process alignment; process ambidexterity; simulation; startups; supply chains

Editorial: Living Labs - Chris McPhee; Mika Westerlund; Seppo Leminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: co-creation; innovation; living labs; Open innovation; user innovation

Editorial: Open Source Business (January 2012) - Chris McPhee; Leslie Hawthorn (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: open source business

Editorial: Recent Research (December 2012) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: consumer IT; electric vehicles; intellectual property; marketing strategy; neuromarketing; open source software; open source software foundations; research; Sprott School of Business; Technology Innovation Management program

Editorial: Social Innovation (July 2012) - Chris McPhee; Stephen Huddart (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: charities; community sector; nonprofit; social entrepreneurship; social innovation

Editorial: Technology Entrepreneurship (April 2012) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: technology entrepreneurship

Editorial: Technology Entrepreneurship (February 2012) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: entrepreneur; entrepreneurship; technology entrepreneurship

Editorial: Technology Entrepreneurship (March 2012) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: technology entrepreneurship

Editorial: Technology Entrepreneurship (May 2012) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: entrepreneur; global entrepreneurship; technology entrepreneurship

Enabling Process Alignment for IT Entrepreneurship - Paul E. Renaud; Sonia D. Bot (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
All firms use information technology (IT). Larger firms have IT organizations whose business function is to supply and manage IT infrastructure and applications to support the firm's business objectives. Regardless of whether the IT function has been outsourced or is resident within a firm, the objectives of the IT organization must be aligned to the strategic needs of the business. It is often a challenge to balance the demand for IT against the available supply within the firm. Most IT organizations have little capacity to carry out activities that go beyond the incremental ones that are needed to run the immediate needs of the business. A process-ambidexterity framework for IT improves the IT organization's entrepreneurial ability, which in turn, better aligns the IT function with the business functions in the firm. Process ambidexterity utilizes both process alignment and process adaptability. This article presents a framework for process alignment in IT. This is useful for understanding how the processes in Business Demand Management, a core component of the process-ambidexterity framework for IT, relate to those in IT Governance and IT Supply Chain Management. The framework is presented through three lenses (governance, business, and technology) along with real-world examples from major firms in the USA. Enabling process alignment in the IT function, and process ambidexterity overall, benefits those who govern IT, the executives who lead IT, as well as their peers in the business functions that depend on IT.
Keywords: exploitation; exploration; IT function; process alignment; process ambidexterity

An Enterprise Perspective on Customer Value Propositions for Open Source Software - Aparna Shanker (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Research on open source software (OSS) has examined value creation primarily from the perspective of the individuals and suppliers that create the software. The perspective of enterprise users who use and pay for OSS has been largely neglected so far. Understanding what paying customers want and how to create products and services they value is the cornerstone of any business model. Therefore, research on what enterprise users value in OSS is of paramount importance to OSS solution suppliers; it can be used to create a new customer base and sustain an existing one. This study examines the value of OSS as perceived by enterprise customers. Through an analysis of three literature streams (firm participation in open source software, business models, and customer value), a model on customer value creation was developed. Interviews were conducted with nine decision makers from enterprises that use OSS in operational projects. The key findings of this research are that: i) the maturity of the software determines the degree to which customers value their relationship with the supplier; ii) customers value differentiating functionality and costs savings; and iii) switching costs with OSS depend on the size, complexity, and dependencies of the software itself. This research identifies the points of value that the suppliers of OSS should focus on, and it points to the need for marketing strategies that can demonstrate this value to enterprise customers.
Keywords: business models; customer value creation; enterprise customers; marketing strategy; open source software; open source suppliers

Entrepreneurial Effort in the Theory of the Firm - David Hudson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
This article develops a link between the theory of the firm and entrepreneurship theory to enable the study of employee entrepreneurial behaviour. First, we describe how incomplete contracts permit employee entrepreneurial effort in the theory of the firm. Next, we argue that emancipation offers an explanation for entrepreneurial effort that is not motivated by financial gain. Finally, we show how new technology creates conditions where the boundary of the firm may change and where entrepreneurial effort by employees may occur.
Keywords: emancipation; employee; entrepreneurship; technology; theory of the firm

Evergreen Brick Works: An Innovation and Sustainability Case Study - Seana Irvine (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Technology is rapidly being deployed to advance social innovation that creates lasting change. This case study of Evergreen Brick Works explores how Evergreen is leveraging the power of its unique new campus as a showcase for advancing sustainability-related behavioural change along with new and emerging state-of-the-art technologies to advance its mission. The ultimate success of these technologies will be in their ability to engage larger numbers and greater diversity among participants, and in their ability to translate new insights into on-the-ground change in their communities. The article also identifies that the need for an organizational network mindset is as important as the technologies to achieve these changes.
Keywords: environmental education; evergreen; green building; LEED; nonprofit; social innovation

From Business Administration to Business Creation: The Case of the Kalevala Global Business Creation School - Marko Seppä (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Are there any businesses left to administer? The question is of course rhetorical and aimed at underscoring how several societies are more severely in need of creators of new businesses than managers of established ones. And yet, nearly all universities only produce masters of business administration, at best. Apart from theoretical research about business creation, and the education of masters of such research, universities are generally not equipped to produce knowledge for business creation or to produce masters of business creation. This conceptual article calls for a new, complementary approach to research and education, around the theme of global business creation. Due to the limitations and restrictions related to the traditions and practices of the science of business administration, where the means justify the ends, a new exploratory field coined as the “Art of Business Creation,” where the end justifies the means, is being explored for some inspiration. For a concrete solution, the concept of a globally distributed, enterprise-centric, entrepreneurial-faculty-driven, open-innovation-based, and social-media-empowered university entity is depicted in this article. It is a new-generation private-public-partnership and “Living Lab 2.0” referred to as Kalevala Global Business Creation School. The conceptualization draws from observations and action research during the Global Venture Lab Finland experiment at the University of Jyväskylä from 2007 to 2011.
Keywords: business creation; business school; co-creation; entrepreneurship; knowledge investing; Open innovation; university

From Stories to Evidence: How Mining Data Can Promote Innovation in the Nonprofit Sector - Michael Lenczner; Susan Phillips (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Being a director at a nonprofit organization often means making guesses instead of properly informed decisions. One source of the “information fog” is fragmented funding. Nonprofit organizations have multiple types of funders, most of whom are not their direct beneficiaries. Predicting funder behaviour is therefore more of an art than a science. Planning for the future, setting goals, and making decisions all suffer in the nonprofit sector because of a lack of timely and accurate information. This article examines the opportunities to use newly available digitized information to address this information deficit. It shows how the rich, variegated and fast-changing landscape of information available online can be collected, combined, and repurposed in order to deliver it in actionable forms to decision makers across the nonprofit sector. This information can significantly improve planning decisions and enhance the effectiveness of the sector. The article concludes that a cultural shift is required in order for the nonprofit sector to exploit the opportunities presented by digital information. Nonprofits and funders are enjoined to increase their numeracy and to find creative ways to use data as part of their evaluation, planning and decision making. Researchers need to be adventurous in their use of quantitative information and specifically should employ linked datasets in order to explore previously unanswerable research and policy questions. The producers of data need to collect and publish their information in ways that facilitate reuse. Finally, funders need to support a variety of projects that seek to exploit these new opportunities.
Keywords: Ajah; charities; community sector; data mining; funding database; nonprofit; social innovation

Global from the Start: The Characteristics of Born-Global Firms in the Technology Sector - Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
This article provides insights from recent research on firms that are "born global". A born-global firm is a venture launched to exploit a global niche from the first day of its operations. The insights in this article are relevant to technology entrepreneurs and top management teams of new technology firms. After discussing various definitions for the term "born global" and identifying the main characteristics of born-global firms, this article lists a few salient characteristics of firms that are born global in the technology sector. The article concludes by identifying opportunities for future research.
Keywords: born global; international business; technology entrepreneurship

Global Mindset: An Entrepreneur's Perspective on the Born-Global Approach - Robert Poole (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
The born-global approach calls for a startup to address the needs of a global market from inception. This approach provides an attractive alternative to the conventional staged approach to internationalization whereby a startup first operates in its home market and then enters one or more foreign markets sequentially. This article highlights the mindset change that an entrepreneur must make to move from the conventional staged approach to the born-global approach. The author of this article is an experienced entrepreneur and the article describes his own mindset change that occurred when enacting the born-global approach. The author uses his own experience and company as a case study to develop recommendations for other entrepreneurs who are evaluating the born-global approach to launch and grow a technology company.
Keywords: born global; economic development; entrepreneurship; globalization; internationalization; startup

Governance of Open Source Software Foundations: Who Holds the Power? - Ludovico Prattico (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
The research reported in this article attempts to discover who holds the power in open source software foundations through the analysis of governance documents. Artificial neural network analysis is used to analyse the content of the bylaws of six open source foundations (Apache, Eclipse, GNOME, Plone, Python, and SPI) for the purpose of identifying power structures. Results of the research suggest that: i) the actions of an open source software foundation are centered around one of three groups: Members, Chairman/President/Executive Director, and Board of Directors; ii) in only one of the six foundations is the Board of Directors responsible for both the community and the product; and iii) artificial neural network analysis of the content of bylaws provides unbiased insights of the power structure of open source software foundations. These results may prove useful to those who contribute to open source foundations and use their products and services.
Keywords: artificial neural network; content analysis; keystones; management structures; open source; open source software foundations; organization; power

Green, Innovative, and Profitable: A Case Study of Managerial Capabilities at Interface Inc. - Tommi Lampikoski (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
This article describes the pioneering green-innovation management practices of a resource-intensive corporation, Interface Inc., which is a globally operating carpet manufacturer. Even during the current economic downturn, many companies remain committed to advancing their green business agendas. However, recent research suggests that most of these companies are far from reaching substantial competitive advantage from this commitment because they lack the connection between their green agendas and core innovation-management activities. This study illustrates how Interface succeeded with radical green innovations by investing in managerial capabilities that allowed it to conduct research, recognize opportunities, and revolutionize the carpeting industry. These capabilities enabled Interface to continuously challenge and disrupt well-established management recipes, existing knowledge, and proven industrial practices, and they enabled it to create a sustainable competitive advantage through a winning portfolio of radical green innovations.
Keywords: carpet industry; corporate sustainability; green innovation; interface; radical innovation

A Guide for Entrepreneurs Who Lead and Manage Change - Llynne Plante (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
To grow a business, entrepreneurs must know how to lead and manage change. However, the change management literature offers little in the way of specific, practical advice that leaders can use to guide their actions. This article builds on a review of the change management literature, a small field study, and years of experience supporting technology companies. It identifies and describes the top nine leadership actions (and their associated behavioural traits) that technology entrepreneurs who lead and manage change should carry out.
Keywords: change management; entrepreneurship; leadership

Hacking Health: Bottom-up Innovation for Healthcare - Jeeshan Chowdhury (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Healthcare is not sustainable and still functions with outdated technology (e.g., pagers, paper records). Top-down approaches by governments and corporations have failed to deliver digital technologies to modernize healthcare. Disruptive innovation must come from the ground up by bridging the gap between front-line health experts and innovators in the latest web and mobile technology. Hacking Health is a hackathon that is focused on social innovation more than technical innovation. Our approach to improve healthcare is to pair technological innovators with healthcare experts to build realistic, human-centric solutions to front-line healthcare problems.
Keywords: hackathon; hacking health; healthcare; social innovation; technology entrepreneurship

How Do Large Companies Manage Their Investments Across the Three Horizons? - Peter Carbone (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Technical entrepreneurship continues to be important to a technology company’s health and growth, even after it has successfully delivered its first product. It is essential to help the company deal with competitive forces and to renew its revenue stream. However, as the company grows, its entrepreneurial capability often becomes handicapped both by company culture as well as external pressures. The company must achieve the right mix of investment and level of attention across three time horizons of growth: immediate, imminent, and future. This balancing act requires a commitment to a strategic growth goal, appropriate tools, and leaders that can manage significant degrees of uniqueness in the resources that address each of these time horizons. This article discusses some of the horizon-management challenges faced by top management teams of large companies and overviews some mechanisms and processes that have worked effectively. Large companies must overcome internal teams’ divergent values and culture as well as significant external, short-term pressures being applied by their existing base of customers and markets. Discipline at the entry point to Horizon 3 (exploratory phase) and then a rapid transition to Horizon 1 (current operations) is the priority of any successful growth company.
Keywords: horizon management; investment; large companies; technology entrepreneurship

How Open Source Has Changed the Software Industry: Perspectives from Open Source Entrepreneurs - Juho Lindman; Risto Rajala (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
The emergence of F/LOSS (free/libre open source software) has triggered several changes in the software industry. F/LOSS has been cited as an archetypal form of open innovation; it consists of the convergence and collaboration of like-minded parties. An increasing number of software firms have taken upon this approach to link outsiders into their service development and product design. Also, software firms have been increasingly grounded their business models on user-centric and service-oriented operations. This article describes a study that investigates these changes from the perspective of F/LOSS entrepreneurs. The findings are summarized into four issues that are critical in managing an F/LOSS business: i) dealing with organizational changes in the innovation process; ii) mastering user involvement; iii) successfully using resources; and iv) designing revenue models.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; narrative methodology; Open innovation; open source software; service-dominant logic

Living Labbing the Rotterdam Way: Co-Creation as an Enabler for Urban Innovation - Ingrid Mulder (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
The living lab concept seems appropriate to study the design and evaluation of innovative services that enrich everyday life. This article elaborates on “living methodologies”, methods and tools necessary in "living labbing". Living methodologies address the social dynamics of everyday life that are essential for understanding living labs, not only conceptually, but also as mature methodologies for fostering innovation in real-life contexts. We report on three cases from Rotterdam in the Netherlands, where "living labbing" was used to enable citizens to co-develop their city. These cases utilized visual ethnography as a research method and prototyping and co-creating as design tools. The cases not only inspire citizen participation, but also inform social innovation and city’s policymaking. The user-driven approach, do-it-yourself mindset, and the participatory character perfectly fit with the down-to-earth attitude of Rotterdam residents.
Keywords: co-creation; contextual research; design techniques; living methodologies; participatory design

Living Labs as Open-Innovation Networks - Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund; Anna-Greta Nyström (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Living labs bring experimentation out of companies’ R&D departments to real-life environments with the participation and co-creation of users, partners, and other parties. This study discusses living labs as four different types of networks characterized by open innovation: utilizer-driven, enabler-driven, provider-driven, and user-driven. The typology is based on interviews with the participants of 26 living labs in Finland, Sweden, Spain, and South Africa. Companies can benefit from knowing the characteristics of each type of living lab; this knowledge will help them to identify which actor drives the innovation, to anticipate likely outcomes, and to decide what kind of role they should play while "living labbing". Living labs are networks that can help them create innovations that have a superior match with user needs and can be upscaled promptly to the global market.
Keywords: co-creation; innovation; living labs; networks; Open innovation

Living Labs for Cross-Border Systemic Innovation - Hans Schaffers; Petra Turkama (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Innovation is increasingly taking place in cross-border collaborative networks, which are shaped by the characteristics of systemic innovation, the strategies and objectives of main actors, and the dynamics of the innovation process. Participation in such networks is of high importance for small firms, but requires long-term investments and a diverse range of collaboration and innovation capabilities. This article explores how living labs, understood as innovation projects based on open and user-centric innovation methodologies, can form collaboration networks to support small firms and other actors to engage in cross-border collaboration and to accelerate the development and acceptance of innovations. Based on the lessons learned from a major living lab project, APOLLON, we conclude that adopting the living labs networking approach requires thorough understanding of each party’s objectives and drivers, the alignment of operational processes, establishment of open and collaborative culture, as well as competences, methods, and tools for supporting cooperation and community building.
Keywords: collaboration; innovation; living labs; networks; systemic

Making Money from Exploiting Schumpeterian Opportunities: John Sanguinetti and the Electronic Design Automation Industry - Arthur Low (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Accounts of the effect that John Sanguinetti’s two companies had on the market for integrated circuit design languages were used to gain insights on how to profit from the exploitation of Schumpeterian opportunities. This article will be of interest to entrepreneurs who expect to profit from exploiting opportunities that disrupt the status quo. To write this article, the author reviewed the literature on Schumpeterian and Kirznerian opportunities and examined the writings of and about Sanguinetti and his companies, blogs written by industry insiders, and articles in industry trade journals. Sanguinetti’s first company introduced a new technology and his second company introduced a new business strategy and a new technology. Both of Sanguinetti's companies undermined the capital investments of the established incumbents and created new value for customers. The article provides three main insights. First, deep knowledge and experience in the customer domain enable an entrepreneur to recognize and act to profit from a Schumpeterian opportunity. Second, to profit from a Schumpeterian opportunity the entrepreneur needs to combine technology and business model components in a way that adds significant value to customers. Third, large amounts of venture capital may or may not be required to exploit Schumpeterian opportunities.
Keywords: CynLib; EDA industry; integrated circuit design; John Sanguinetti; Schumpter; technology entrepreneurship; verilog; VHDL

Managing Entrepreneurial Employees Who Bring Their Own IT to Work - David Hudson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Why do some employees invest their own time and money to acquire consumer information technology (IT) for use in the workplace as corporate IT? This behaviour occurs even when their firms already possess considerable IT resources. Moreover, IT governance policies typically oppose the use of unsanctioned IT within the firm. IT governance assumes that the only IT assets that are relevant to the firm are those that are owned by the firm. However, employees can create value for the firm by combining their personal IT assets with the firm's IT assets. Creating novel asset combinations is consistent with entrepreneurship but entrepreneurship theory does not address this type of voluntary employee entrepreneurship using personal IT assets. This article proposes a link between the theory of the firm and entrepreneurship theory to explain why employees act entrepreneurially. This link is significant because it advances the notion that employees of established firms can be entrepreneurial when they use their own consumer IT as corporate IT. This link is also significant because it suggests that managing employee entrepreneurship requires tolerance of value creation that is emergent and can occur within a firm.
Keywords: consumer IT; corporate IT; entrepreneurship; intrapreneur; theory of the firm; value creation

Managing Innovation under Time Pressure: A Practical Perspective - Blair Winsor (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
This article examines the effects of time pressure on innovation. Does time pressure stimulate or eliminate innovation or, in other words, should managers increase or reduce time pressures if they are trying to enhance innovation in their firms? Unfortunately, current research on the subject is ambivalent. To provide some clarity, this innovation management dilemma was examined in a fast-growing, medium-sized communication and IT consultancy (“First”), which claimed to be “highly innovative”. Detailed data on five projects was collected over an 18-month period using practice-based methods. Each project team was followed in real time via observation and interviews. The data was then analyzed by dividing project work into three phases: i) negotiating the project particulars with the client; ii) conducting project work; and iii) project evaluation. This detailed analysis revealed how time pressures eliminated innovation in First’s client-based project work and suggested three implications for the management of innovation. Firstly, managers should try to avoid imposing excessive time pressures on their project teams. Secondly, they should ensure that there is space between projects to enable reflection. Thirdly, managers should ensure that project debriefs occur and that they cover potential innovations.
Keywords: consultancy; innovation; practice-based approach; time

Mapping Living Labs in the Landscape of Innovation Methodologies - Esteve Almirall; Melissa Lee; Jonathan Wareham (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
A growing interest in living labs as a mechanism for innovation has drawn significant attention to both the different flavours of this methodology and to the organizations that put it into practice. However, little has been done to assess its impact and to compare its contribution to other innovation methodologies. This article aims to cover that gap by summarizing the most common European living labs approaches and positioning them in the landscape of user-contributed innovation methodology. The merits and appropriateness of living labs in these settings are also assessed.
Keywords: innovation; living labs; living labs methodologies; Open innovation; user-driven design

Market Channels of Technology Startups that Internationalize Rapidly from Inception - Simar Yoos (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
The study of technology startups that internationalize rapidly from inception has increased in recent years. However, little is known about their channels to market. This article addresses a gap in the "born global" literature by examining the channels used by six startups that internationalized rapidly from inception as well as the programs they used to support their channel partners and customers. The six startups examined combined the use of the Internet with: i) a relationship with a multi-national, ii) distributors, iii) re-sellers, or iv) a direct sales force. They also delivered programs to support partners and customers that focused on communications, alliance and network development, education, marketing and promotion, and financial incentives. This article informs entrepreneurs who need to design go-to-market channels to exploit global opportunities about decisions made by other entrepreneurs who launched born-global companies. Normative rules and practitioner-oriented approaches are needed to help entrepreneurs explain and apply the results presented in this article.
Keywords: born global; channel partner; globalization; internationalization; market channels; marketing; startups

Minimum Viable Product and the Importance of Experimentation in Technology Startups - Dobrila Rancic Moogk (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Entrepreneurs are often faced with limited resources in their quest to commercialize new technology. This article presents the model of a lean startup, which can be applied to an organization regardless of its size or environment. It also emphasizes the conditions of extreme uncertainty under which the commercialization of new technology is carried out. The lean startup philosophy advocates efficient use of resources by introducing a minimum viable product to the market as soon as possible in order to test its value and the entrepreneur’s growth projections. This testing is done by running experiments that examine the metrics relevant to three distinct types of the growth. These experiments bring about accelerated learning to help reduce the uncertainty that accompanies commercialization projects, thereby bringing the resulting new technology to market faster.
Keywords: lean startup; minimum viable product; MVP

Neuromarketing: Understanding Customers' Subconscious Responses to Marketing - Jyrki Suomala; Lauri Palokangas; Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund; Jarmo Heinonen; Jussi Numminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
This article presents neuromarketing as a way to detect brain activation during customer engagement. Neuromarketing is a field of marketing research that studies consumers' sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective response to marketing stimuli. We established a Virtual Customer Journey model based on the consultative selling process to study customer engagement by using brain scans. Consultative selling suggests that a customer’s shopping experience is managed by the salesperson’s behaviour and in-store marketing assets, and that the customer gets engaged step by step. A total of 16 test subjects were shown video clips and still pictures from a consultative sales process at Nokia’s flagship stores, and their brain activity was scanned. The results show that test subjects were able to associate themselves with people and events on the video and they felt safe and comfortable during the consultative selling process. The study implies that laboratories can build virtual environments that resemble real shopping environments where customers can participate in the buying process and respond to events displayed on the screen, and that neuroimaging is useful in providing valuable information on customer behaviour that is not achievable otherwise.
Keywords: brain scans; consultative selling; customer engagement; customer journey; fMRI; neuroimaging; neuromarketing

A New Way of Measuring Openness: The Open Governance Index - Liz Laffan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Open source software is now "business as usual" in the mobile industry. While much attention is given to the importance of open source licenses, we argue in this article that the governance model can be as necessary to a project's success and that projects vary widely in the governance models - whether open or closed - that they employ. Open source governance models describe the control points that are used to influence open source projects with regard to access to the source code, how the source code is developed, how derivatives are created, and the community structure of the project. Governance determines who has control over the project beyond what is deemed legally necessary via the open source licenses for that project. The purpose of our research is to define and measure the governance of open source projects, in other words, the extent to which decision-making in an open source project is "open" or "closed". We analyzed eight open source projects using 13 specific governance criteria across four areas of governance: access, development, derivatives and community. Our findings suggest that the most open platforms will be most successful in the long term, however we acknowledge exceptions to this rule. We also identify best practices that are common across these open source projects with regard to source code access, development of source code, management of derivatives, and community structure. These best practices increase the likelihood of developer use of and involvement in open source projects.
Keywords: Android; governance; open source; open source licenses

Open Invention Network: A Defensive Patent Pool for Open Source Projects and Businesses - Deborah Nicholson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
This article explores how patents impact innovation within free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) businesses and projects. The number of software patent suits brought each year is increasing and is diverting millions of dollars in funds from developers to lawyers. With patent suits on the rise, the US Supreme Court has left the F/LOSS community in a position where it must either wait years for legislation or address the issue of patent suits itself. However, defending the Linux kernel and related technologies is a different challenge than the one that faces proprietary software businesses. This article describes Open Invention Network, an initiative that is designed to meet the particular challenges facing the F/LOSS community and businesses by providing a defensive patent pool.
Keywords: innovation; linux; patent

Organizational Ambidexterity: How Small Technology Firms Balance Innovation and Support - John Schreuders; Alem Legesse (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Many technology entrepreneurs start their companies by focusing on an innovation that creates a market offer to attract their first customers. When the entrepreneur’s firm makes its first sale, the dynamics of the organization change and the entrepreneur faces a new challenge: how can the firm concurrently develop new products and support existing customers? This problem is of great concern to entrepreneurs who own small technology firms and is the subject of this article. In this article, we first address the innovate-versus-support dilemma that small technology firms face early in their lifecycles. Next, we describe the paradigm of the ambidextrous organization. We conclude with a discussion of five mechanisms small firms can use to achieve balance in their quest to concurrently satisfy the need to innovate while fulfilling the demands of existing clients and products.
Keywords: ambidextrous organization; entrepreneurship; innovation; support

An Overview of Four Issues on Technology Entrepreneurship in the TIM Review - Tony Bailetti; Sonia D. Bot; Tom Duxbury; David Hudson; Chris McPhee; Steven Muegge; Michael Weiss; Jonathan Wells; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
The field of technology entrepreneurship is in its infancy when compared to other fields such as economics and management. Articles on technology entrepreneurship have been published in at least 62 journals, of which only 18 contribute to technology innovation management or entrepreneurship. Less than a handful of these 62 journals are considered to be "good" journals and none can claim a leadership position in technology entrepreneurship. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the 20 journal articles published in the February, March, April, and May 2012 issues of the Technology Innovation Management Review (TIM Review).
Keywords: creative destruction; global entrepreneurship; journal articles; social entrepreneurship; technology entrepreneurship; theory

The Physical Internet and Business Model Innovation - Benoit Montreuil; Jean-François Rougès; Yan Cimon; Diane Poulin (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Building on the analogy of data packets within the Digital Internet, the Physical Internet is a concept that dramatically transforms how physical objects are designed, manufactured, and distributed. This approach is open, efficient, and sustainable beyond traditional proprietary logistical solutions, which are often plagued by inefficiencies. The Physical Internet redefines supply chain configurations, business models, and value-creation patterns. Firms are bound to be less dependent on operational scale and scope trade-offs because they will be in a position to offer novel hybrid products and services that would otherwise destroy value. Finally, logistical chains become flexible and reconfigurable in real time, thus becoming better in tune with firm strategic choices. This article focuses on the potential impact of the Physical Internet on business model innovation, both from the perspectives of Physical-Internet enabled and enabling business models.
Keywords: business models; logistics; physical internet; supply chains

Platformation: Cloud Computing Tools at the Service of Social Change - Anil Patel (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
The following article establishes some context and definitions for what is termed the “sharing imperative” – a movement or tendency towards sharing information online and in real time that has rapidly transformed several industries. As internet-enabled devices proliferate to all corners of the globe, ways of working and accessing information have changed. Users now expect to be able to access the products, services, and information that they want from anywhere, at any time, on any device. This article addresses how the nonprofit sector might respond to those demands by embracing the sharing imperative. It suggests that how well an organization shares has become one of the most pressing governance questions a nonprofit organization must tackle. Finally, the article introduces Platformation, a project whereby tools that enable better inter and intra-organizational sharing are tested for scalability, affordability, interoperability, and security, all with a non-profit lens.
Keywords: charity; cloud computing; nonprofit; Platformation; sharing imperative; social innovation

Predicting Ecosystem Alliances Using Landscape Theory - Shruti Satsangi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Previous articles in the TIM Review have covered various aspects of the concept of business ecosystems, from the types of ecosystems to keystone strategy, to different member roles and value co-creation. While there is no dearth of suggested best practices that organizations should follow as ecosystem members, it can be difficult to apply these insights into actionable steps for them to take. This is especially true when the ecosystem members already have a prior history of cooperation or competition with each other, as opposed to where a new ecosystem is created. Landscape theory, a political science approach to predicting coalition formation and strategic alliances, can be a useful complement to ecosystems studies by providing a tool to evaluate the best possible alliance options for an organization, given information about itself and the other companies in the system. As shown in the case study of mobile device manufacturers choosing platform providers in the mobile ecosystem, this tool is highly flexible and customizable, with more data providing a more accurate view of the alliances in the ecosystem. At the same time, with even basic parameters, companies can glean significant information about which coalitions will best serve their interest and overall standing within the ecosystem. This article shows the synergies between landscape theory and an ecosystems approach and offers a practical, actionable way in which to analyze individual member benefits.
Keywords: alliance formation; business ecosystems; coalition forming games; coalition prediction; landscape theory

Process Adaptability in the IT Supply Chain - Paul E. Renaud; Sonia D. Bot (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
The continuous pressure to minimize IT costs challenges the IT function to achieve a balance between its own effectiveness and the productivity of the users in the business functions that it serves (i.e., user effectiveness). In many cases, user effectiveness is sacrificed to ensure IT function effectiveness. Process adaptability improves the IT organization’s entrepreneurial ability by balancing these conflicting productivity and performance objectives. This article applies a process-ambidexterity framework to examine how process adaptability in IT is affected by the choice of different strategies for IT Demand Management as well as different fulfillment strategies for IT Supply Chain Management. Alternative fulfillment strategies are presented, along with criteria and indicators that impact IT and user effectiveness that have been applied within major firms. IT and senior business executives will find this article valuable for helping understand how they can influence the balance between IT and user productivity through their choice of different Demand Management and IT fulfillment strategies. Academic readers will discover that, while process adaptability in IT is an important enabler for implementing dynamic alignment between business and IT function objectives, there may be circumstances where IT process adaptability is not a priority for the business.
Keywords: exploitation; exploration; IT function; process adaptability; process ambidexterity; supply chain

Process Ambidexterity for Entrepreneurial Firms - Sonia D. Bot (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Technology-based entrepreneurial firms must effectively support both mainstream exploitation and new-stream exploration in order to remain competitive for the long term. The processes that support exploitation and exploration initiatives are different in terms of logistics, payoff horizons, and capabilities. Few firms are able to strike a balance between the two, where mainstream exploitation usually trumps new-stream exploration. The ultimate goal is for the firm to operate effectively in a repeatable, scalable, and systematic manner, rather than relying on good luck and hoping either to come up with the next innovation or for the product to function according to its requirements. This article builds on the author’s years of experience in building businesses and transforming medium and large-sized, entrepreneurial technology firms, leading large-scale breakthrough and sustained performance improvements by using and evolving Lean Six Sigma methodologies, and reviews of technology innovation management and entrepreneurship literature. This article provides a process-based perspective to understanding and addressing the issues on balancing mainstream exploitation and new-stream exploration in medium and large-sized entrepreneurial firms and extending it to startups. The resulting capability is known as process ambidexterity and requires disciplined, agile, and lean business management.
Keywords: business management; exploitation; exploration; performance improvement; process ambidexterity; technology entrepreneurship

Process Ambidexterity for IT Entrepreneurship - Sonia D. Bot; Paul E. Renaud (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
All firms use information technology (IT). Larger firms have information technology organizations whose business function is to supply and manage IT infrastructure and applications to support business needs for IT. While some firms have chosen to outsource the IT function, the majority rely on an internal IT organization that is focused on running the IT infrastructure and optimizing IT operations and applications by exploiting technology improvements over time. Most IT organizations have little capacity to carry out transformational initiatives because they are focused on incremental improvements needed to run the business. As the global economy contracts, growing cost pressure on firms escalates the need for the IT function to behave in a more entrepreneurial manner that accelerates the availability of new technological solutions to enhance productivity and lower cost of doing business. This article provides a process-based perspective for understanding and addressing an IT function’s ability to implement entrepreneurial practices that better align the IT function to business functions. This is done by developing the capability of process ambidexterity. Improving an IT organization’s entrepreneurial ability results in improved productivity, shorter time to market, and lower operational costs – as validated by recent practice with major firms in the USA. Developing process ambidexterity in the IT function benefits those who govern IT, the executives who lead IT, as well as their peers in the business functions that depend on IT.
Keywords: business demand; business value chains; exploitation; exploration; IT; IT supply; process ambidexterity

Q&A. What Are the Long-Term Effects of Open Source? - Carlo Daffara (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: code quality; collaboration; growth; open source; open standards

Q&A. What Does a Global Startup Need to Know to Enter China? - Sara Rauchwerger (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: born global; China; globalization; internationalization; market entry; market research; startup; strategy

Q&A. What Is Customer Value and How Do You Deliver It? - Aparna Shanker (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: customer feedback; customer value; market orientation; value proposition

Q&A. What Is the Secret of Red Hat's Success? - Ruth Suehle (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: collaboration; community; innovation; open source; Red Hat

Real-Time Mobile Communication of Power Requirements for Electric Vehicles - Derek Smith (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
The periodic power requirements of an electric vehicle are difficult to predict because the vehicle's location, the amount of charge remaining in its batteries, and the timing of its next charge are not known. For clusters of electric vehicles, the problem is magnified, and there is a risk that the demand will strain and overload a power utility’s infrastructure. Operational managers are left with reactive management of the infrastructure that may defer or prevent a vehicle charge to balance power demands and safeguard the infrastructure. In this article, the following key concepts are analyzed to provide background on the problem and to outline the requirements of any solution: i) demand uncertainty and reactive management approaches, ii) electric vehicle power requirements, and iii) demand-management telecommunication capabilities. Then, by abstraction, induction, and creative synthesis, a novel solution to the problem is proposed to provide real-time mobile communication of power requirements. The proposed solution has potential to create new service and business opportunities to managers and entrepreneurs.
Keywords: disruptive innovation; electric utilities; electric vehicles; high-power devices; mobile communication; power grids; power requirements; telecommunications

Renewing the Future: Social Innovation Systems, Sector Shift, and Innoweave - Stephen Huddart (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Against a backdrop of various “occupy” movements signifying civic dissatisfaction with the social contract, and in an era of fiscal restraint affecting governments and communities in many parts of the world, we need new and more effective ways to address complex social challenges. While continuous innovation is commonly understood to be a source of growth, productivity improvement, and competitive advantage in the technology and manufacturing sectors, the author’s focus is on social innovation systems, designed to replace maladaptive institutions and obsolete policy frameworks with novel and disruptive means for improving outcomes on issues such as population health and climate change. This article proposes a definition of such systems, and examines how system-level tools including impact investing, open data platforms, and “change labs” are fostering collaboration among the private, public, and community sectors. We argue that a key priority at this time is to make these and other tools and processes for social innovation available to community organizations and their government and business partners everywhere, in a manner that allows for continuous cycles of implementation and learning. The author describes one such project currently being developed in Canada by Social Innovation Generation and other partners, called Innoweave. Innoweave is a technology-enabled social innovation system for sharing the tools and processes of social innovation with the community sector. The article concludes with a call for multi-sectoral participation in social innovation systems as an investment in society’s adaptive capacity and future wellbeing.
Keywords: community sector; social innovation; social innovation systems

Results-Based Organization Design for Technology Entrepreneurs - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Faced with considerable uncertainty, entrepreneurs would benefit from clearly defined objectives, a plan to achieve these objectives (including a reasonable expectation that this plan will work), as well as a means to measure progress and make requisite course corrections. In this article, the author combines the benefits of results-based management with the benefits of organization design to describe a practical approach that technology entrepreneurs can use to design their organizations so that they deliver desired outcomes. This approach links insights from theory and practice, builds logical connections between entrepreneurial activities and desired outcomes, and measures progress toward those outcomes. This approach also provides a mechanism for entrepreneurs to make continual adjustments and improvements to their design and direction in response to data, customer and stakeholder feedback, and changes in their business environment.
Keywords: design principles; logic model; organization design; performance management; results-based management; technology entrepreneurship

The Role of Universities in Technology Entrepreneurship - Jonathan Wells (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
This article discusses the role that universities play in the process of technology entrepreneurship, where entrepreneurship is restricted to the process of launching and supporting small and medium-sized technology-based businesses. The article briefly discusses a few of the issues that influence a university’s participation in the process of entrepreneurship. Although there is no “one-size-fits-all” model, the article discusses various ways that Canadian universities may help entrepreneurs, including contract research, the provision of business parks, and sensible handling of intellectual property issues. Finally, the article suggests that the return on “investment”, for both the university and the province, is a difficult thing to measure – nevertheless, participation in the entrepreneurship process may result in some tangible and intangible benefits for both parties.
Keywords: business parks; economic development; entrepreneurship; intellectual property; research; spinoffs; universities

Simulation of Supply-Chain Networks: A Source of Innovation and Competitive Advantage for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises - Giacomo Liotta (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
On a daily basis, enterprises of all sizes cope with the turbulence and volatility of market demands, cost variability, and severe pressure from globally distributed competitors. Managing uncertainty about future demand requirements and volumes in supply-chain networks has become a priority. One of the ways to deal with uncertainty is the utilization of simulation techniques and tools, which provide greater predictability of decision-making outcomes. For example, simulation has been widely applied in decision-making processes related to global logistics and production networks at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels, where it is used to predict the impact of decisions before their implementation in complex and uncertain environments. Large enterprises are inclined to use simulation tools whereas small and medium-sized enterprises seem to underestimate its advantages. The objective of this article is to emphasize the relevance of simulation for the design and management of supply-chain networks from the perspective of small and medium-sized firms.
Keywords: competitive advantage; innovation; simulation; small and medium-sized enterprises; SME; supply-chain network

A Small-Firm Perspective on the Benefits of Living Labs - Veli-Pekka Niitamo; Mika Westerlund; Seppo Leminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Decreasing energy consumption is a global priority and the energy market is in constant change. The search for energy-saving innovations provides an opportunity to initiate a user-centered approach using the living labs model. This article describes how Process Vision, a small-yet-leading Northern European provider of energy IT systems, applied the livings labs approach to develop novel energy-efficiency management solutions. We discuss the company’s participation in the APOLLON consortium, a cross-border living labs initiative on energy efficiency. More specifically, we describe the Finland-based company’s experiences of a pilot project launched in the living lab and report on the perceived managerial challenges of applying the living labs approach from the perspective of a small firm.
Keywords: energy efficiency; Innovation management; Living lab; managerial challenges; Open innovation; User-driven

Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries - Samer Abu-Saifan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
While individuals may be publicly recognized as social entrepreneurs for their contributions to improve the welfare of communities, the field of social entrepreneurship continues to struggle to gain academic legitimacy. Social entrepreneurship is a term in search of a good definition. The current use of the term seems vague and limitless; it needs boundaries to demarcate its function. The lack of a common definition hinders research and raises questions about which social or profit-making activities fall within the spectrum of social entrepreneurship. To become an important stream in the entrepreneurship literature, social entrepreneurship needs to be properly defined and it requires a theoretical framework that links it to the theory of entrepreneurship. This article builds on the literature to define social entrepreneurship, discusses the boundaries of socially-oriented entrepreneurial activities, and positions the social entrepreneur in the spectrum of entrepreneurship.
Keywords: social enterprise; social entrepreneur; social entrepreneurship

Structuring User Involvement in Panel-Based Living Labs - Dimitri Schuurman; Lieven De Marez (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
A shift towards open innovation approaches with systematic user involvement has occurred within media and ICT. One of the emerging frameworks structuring these initiatives is the "living lab" approach. Despite the growing evidence of the beneficial nature of customer involvement in product development, research into specific user characteristics for innovation is still scarce, particularly in living labs, with the notable exception of literature on lead users. Especially within the context of living labs for ICT and media innovation, an application of the lead-user framework looks promising as a way to structure and facilitate user involvement. This article is based on the experiences of three Flemish living lab initiatives with a panel-based approach and provides a customer characteristics framework that guides user involvement in living labs.
Keywords: customer characteristics; living labs; Open innovation; user panels; user-driven innovation

Technology Entrepreneurship: Overview, Definition, and Distinctive Aspects - Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Technology entrepreneurship lies at the heart of many important debates, including those around launching and growing firms, regional economic development, selecting the appropriate stakeholders to take ideas to markets, and educating managers, engineers, and scientists. Unless a generally accepted definition of technology entrepreneurship is established, however, these debates lose their focus. The purpose of this article is to identify the themes that dominate the technology entrepreneurship literature, provide a definition of technology entrepreneurship, and identify its distinguishing aspects relative to economics, entrepreneurship, and management. The author argues that technology entrepreneurship is an investment in a project that assembles and deploys specialized individuals and heterogeneous assets to create and capture value for the firm. What distinguishes technology entrepreneurship from other entrepreneurship types (e.g., social entrepreneurship, small business management, and self-employment) is the collaborative experimentation and production of new products, assets, and their attributes, which are intricately related to advances in scientific and technological knowledge and the firm’s asset ownership rights.
Keywords: entrepreneurs; entrepreneurship; technology entrepreneurs; technology entrepreneurship

TIM Lecture Series - 29 Lessons Learned in Entrepreneurship - Wes Biggs (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: entrepreneurship; lessons learned; startups; strategy; technology

TIM Lecture Series - Born Global: A Pharmaceutical Startup Perspective - Louis R. Lamontagne (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: born global; entrepreneurship; globalization; internationalization; pharmaceutical

TIM Lecture Series - Growing a Global Company Anchored on Open Source Software - Fred Dixon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: BigBlueButton; entrepreneurship; global company; licenses; open source; startup; web conferencing

TIM Lecture Series – Intellectual Property Paradigms for Global Business - Gordon Freedman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: global business; intellectual property; IP; patents; strategy; trademarks

TIM Lecture Series: Leadership Position in Technology Entrepreneurship and Commercialization - TIM Program (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: commercialization; global entrepreneurship; leadership; technology entrepreneurship

TIM Lecture Series: Next-Generation Technology Challenges and Business Opportunities - Dave Thomas (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: business opportunities; future of technology; next-generation technology

TIM Lecture Series - TELUS in Health: Improving Health Outcomes for All Canadians - Giovanni Pizzoferrato (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: healthcare; mobile applications; pharmacy; remote patient monitoring; TELUS

TIM Lecture Series: The Business of Mobile Apps - Brian Hurley (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: apps; mobile applications; smartphones; technology entrepreneurship

TIM Lecture Series: The Importance of Dealing with Risk for New Businesses - Tony Lackey (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Keywords: insurance; risk management; startups; technology entrepreneurship

To Internationalize Rapidly from Inception: Crowdsource - Elnaz Heidari; Mohsen Akhavannia; Nirosh Kannangara (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Technology entrepreneurs continuously search for tools to accelerate the internationalization of their startups. For the purpose of internationalizing rapidly from inception, we propose that technology startups use crowdsourcing to internalize the tacit knowledge embodied in members of a crowd distributed across various geographies. For example, a technology startup can outsource to a large crowd the definition of a customer problem that occurs across various geographies, the development of the best solution to the problem, and the identification of attractive business expansion opportunities. In this article, we analyze how three small firms use crowdsourcing, discuss the benefits of crowdsourcing, and offer six recommendations to technology entrepreneurs interested in using crowdsourcing to rapidly internationalize their startups from inception.
Keywords: born global; crowdsourcing; entrepreneurship; globalization; internationalization; startups

Towards More Case Study Research in Entrepreneurship - Tom Duxbury (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Entrepreneurship as an emerging discipline has made good strides, but according to some, has fallen short of bringing its theory and literature up to the standards of others in the management sciences. Rich with the descriptive detail needed for insightful theory building in entrepreneurship, scholars have called for more case study research, particularly those incorporating non-retrospective and longitudinal observations. At the same time however, it has become rare to find such research published in A-level journals dedicated to entrepreneurship. A survey presented here of major entrepreneurship journals over the past six years revealed a publication rate of only 3% using the case study method. This presents a major impediment for developing fresh research in this field based upon the study of real cases. The author explores how the case study method has been applied to entrepreneurship research and provides recommendations for improved publication rates.
Keywords: case study research; CSR; entrepreneurship; qualitative methods; research methods

User Frustrations as Opportunities - Michael Weiss (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
User frustrations are an excellent source of new product ideas. Starting with this observation, this article describes an approach that entrepreneurs can use to discover business opportunities. Opportunity discovery starts with a problem that the user has, but may not be able to articulate. User-centered design techniques can help elicit those latent needs. The entrepreneur should then try to understand how users are solving their problem today, before proposing a solution that draws on the unique skills and technical capabilities available to the entrepreneur. Finally, an in-depth understanding of the user allows the entrepreneur to hone in on the points of difference and resonance that are the foundation of a strong customer value proposition.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; opportunity development; user feedback; user frustrations; value propositions

Using Social Media to Accelerate the Internationalization of Startups from Inception - Tony Maltby (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
A set of principles, processes, and tools that entrepreneurs can use to rapidly internationalize their technology startups from inception does not exist. This article discusses entrepreneurs’ use of online social media networks to rapidly internationalize their startups from inception. The article was inspired by how the founders of Dewak S.A. rapidly internationalized their technology startup. Dewak was founded by five unemployed Colombians in June 2008. Two years later, foreign sales comprised 95% of the firm’s revenue and provided the founders with full-time employment. Dewak’s only channel to market was via online social media networks. Recognizing that entrepreneurs can use social media to amplify their tacit knowledge and convert it into sellable products and services contributes to the development of a learning-based view of rapid internationalization from inception. The article provides entrepreneurs seeking to launch and grow global businesses with four recommendations that may save them time and money and increase the size of their addressable markets.
Keywords: born global; entrepreneurship; globalization; internationalization; rapid internationalization; social media; startups; tacit knowledge; technology startup

What Technology Startups Must Get Right to Globalize Early and Rapidly - Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2012)
Upon or shortly after inception, growth-oriented technology startups must operate in a market that is global. Management teams and investors of technology startups can benefit from approaches and models that can help them operate in a global market early and rapidly. How well a technology startup addresses the realities of globalization will determine its success. A better understanding of what management teams and investors of technology startups must get right to globalize their startups is needed. This article is an attempt to meet this need. In this article, lessons that have been extracted from six literature streams and from information on 21 startups founded in 12 countries are used to identify the six elements that a startup must get right to globalize early and rapidly. These six elements are: i) Problem scope, ii) Stakeholders’ commitments, iii) Collaborative entrepreneurship, iv) Relational capital, v) Legitimacy, and vi) Global capability. The main contribution of this article is that it throws the spotlight on the need to develop prescriptive rules and practitioner-oriented models that can help a technology startup operate globally from an early stage.
Keywords: born global; effectuation logic; entrepreneurs; entrepreneurship; global startups; globalization; gradual internationalization; internalization; international new ventures; internationalization; multinational; rapid internationalization; startups

Acquisition Integration Models: How Large Companies Successfully Integrate Startups - Peter Carbone (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have been popular means for many companies to address the increasing pace and level of competition that they face. Large companies have pursued acquisitions to more quickly access technology, markets, and customers, and this approach has always been a viable exit strategy for startups. However, not all deals deliver the anticipated benefits, in large part due to poor integration of the acquired assets into the acquiring company. Integration can greatly impact the success of the acquisition and, indeed, the combined company’s overall market success. In this article, I explore the implementation of several integration models that have been put into place by a large company and extract principles that may assist negotiating parties with maximizing success. This perspective may also be of interest to smaller companies as they explore exit options while trying to ensure continued market success after acquisition. I assert that business success with acquisitions is dependent on an appropriate integration model, but that asset integration is not formulaic. Any integration effort must consider the specific market context and personnel involved.
Keywords: Acquisitions; Company Integration; Competitive M&A; Mergers

Anystone Technologies: Lessons from the First Year of a Mobile Applications Startup - Tony Wacheski (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The astounding growth of the mobile sector has attracted the attention of many entrepreneurs, particularly when combined with its low market-entry cost for developers and growing list of enviable success stories. For anyone with a mobile application to sell, Apple's App Store and the Android Market provide easy access to the world market. However, this market accessibility and endless opportunities increase competition and challenge the entrepreneur to stay focused. This article presents some initial observations and experiences from the first year of Anystone Technologies, a mobile applications startup, as it faced the challenges of starting a new business in this attractive but highly competitive sector.

Benefits of the Community for Partners of Open Source Vendors - Sandro Groganz (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
Open source vendors can benefit from business ecosystems that form around their products. Partners of such vendors can utilize this ecosystem for their own business benefit by understanding the structure of the ecosystem, the key actors and their relationships, and the main levers of profitability. This article provides information on all of these aspects and identifies common business scenarios for partners of open source vendors. Armed with this information, partners can select a strategy that allows them to participate in the ecosystem while also maximizing their gains and driving adoption of their product or solution in the marketplace.

Best Practices in Multi-Vendor Open Source Communities - Ian Skerrett (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
Multi-vendor open source communities enable companies to lower development costs and gain access to wider addressable markets. This article describes best practices for companies considering this approach. First, the different types of open source business strategies are examined along the types of participants that contribute to the communities that support them. Next, five best practices are detailed to show how companies can maximize their engagement with open source communities. Finally, the importance of foundations in implementing multi-vendor open source communities is discussed.

Beyond Technology: Enabling Communities Through Social Interoperability - Tyler Mitchell (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
Technical interoperability between open source software projects is increasingly common. Applications that were designed to communicate effectively with other applications are more robust and give users the freedom to combine them with other applications that were built to interoperable specifications. Projects such as Apache, Linux, and other development platforms, have helped fuel this move to interoperability in unique ways, including the capability of building further applications upon their foundations. They also encouraged the development of new communities and ecosystems of users and developers. The OSGeo Foundation has taken advantage of these powerful open source platforms with several open source projects focusing on technological interoperability. However, there is also significant social interoperability taking place within the organization. What seem to start as ad hoc communities, in turn, create further opportunities for both social and technological advances. This article uses OSGeo as a case study to show that, when individuals contribute to the community and join together with other likeminded members, new technology and relationships pave the way to further innovation.

Building an Infrastructure to Support Women Founders: Lead to Win for Women - Janice Singer; Deborah Dexter (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
This article describes a new program, Lead to Win for Women (LTW-W), created in Canada's Capital Region to dramatically increase the number of women-founded businesses and to help existing businesses grow substantially. This new program is based on the existing Lead to Win program (http://leadtowin.ca). LTW-W has four program elements. First, there is a session to help women foster ideas to launch and grow businesses. Second, there is an expert speaker series that encourages the development of practical knowledge for businesses. Third, there is a forum for owners of established firms. Fourth, there is an outreach program for college women to encourage them to start businesses. In this article, we briefly describe some existing programs to support women founders in Canada and abroad. Next, we outline the founding principles of LTW-W and describe the program in detail. Finally, we conclude with a description of the program's next steps.

Business Ecosystems as Institutions of Participation: A Systems Perspective on Community-Developed Platforms - Steven Muegge (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
This article introduces a systems perspective on community-developed platforms and the institutions that structure participation by individuals and companies. It brings together the past research about technology platforms, company participation in business ecosystems, and individual participation in developer communities, and links these codependent subsystems through resource flows, interconnected institutional arrangements, and shared governance. To achieve this synthesis, it draws on conceptual arguments from a broad range of sources, including Elinor Ostrom's research program on the economics of sustainable commons governance, Tim O'Reilly's practitioner essays about the architecture of participation, and prior management research on modularity and design, resource dependence, and systems thinking. The resulting “systems of systems” perspective is parsimonious and insightful for entrepreneurs, managers, and community leaders.
Keywords: architecture of participation; business ecosystem; community-developed platform; institutional analysis and design (IAD); meritocratic developer community

Carleton Entrepreneurs: The First Keystone Off-The-Shelf Application - Tony Bailetti; Ludovico Prattico (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
In this article, we describe the first application of the Keystone Off-The-Shelf (KOTS) platform. KOTS integrates software applications available under open source licenses with proprietary applications and services offered by small local technology companies, most of which are Carleton University spin-offs. KOTS is the engine behind the website for the Carleton Entrepreneurs program. The goals of this unique program are to: i) strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit at Carleton University; ii) help graduate and senior undergraduate students transform their ideas into compelling opportunities and successful ventures; and iii) share the best opportunities with potential investors, alumni, and friends of Carleton University. KOTS will enable the Carleton Entrepreneurs collective to achieve significant system-level outcomes that are not attainable without the platform. This collective is comprised of students, mentors, internal and external reviewers, top managers of technology university spin-off companies, academics, and friends of Carleton.

Competition in the Mashup Ecosystem - Amanda Shiga (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
Mashups combine data from multiple sources to create innovative web applications. Data providers gain compelling advantages in offering an open application programming interface (API), but face a competitive environment where growth occurs by virtue of developers' independent choices and where competitors are also complementors. This article explores the nature of competition within the mashup ecosystem by focusing on competitive actions taken by API providers and their link to mashup network structure. The resulting insights help entrants and incumbents refine their competitive strategies within this complex and unique environment.

Control and Diversity in Company-led Open Source Projects - Michael Weiss (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
A majority of open source development today is carried out by companies. Building on open source allows companies to focus their development effort on the points of difference over their competitors. This article discusses the recent trend towards collectives of companies that develop shared assets in the form of open source projects, and creates a model for company-led open source projects around two dimensions: the level of control over the project and the diversity of applications derived from the project. The article then explores how the model can be interpreted from a product line engineering perspective.

Control in Open Source Software Development - Robert Poole (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
In this article, we examine typical fears associated with a perceived loss of control in an open source software development project. We describe various development models, including hybrid models that provide companies with control over key aspects of product development. Finally, a description of control within open source projects illustrates that self-regulating control mechanisms that exist in this model. A better understanding of control as a factor will help companies achieve their for-profit objectives using open source software.

Cost Optimization Through Open Source Software - Mark VonFange; Dru Lavigne (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The cost of information technology (IT) as a percentage of overall operating and capital expenditures is growing as companies modernize their operations and as IT becomes an increasingly indispensable part of company resources. The price tag associated with IT infrastructure is a heavy one, and, in today's economy, companies need to look for ways to reduce overhead while maintaining quality operations and staying current with technology. With its advancements in availability, usability, functionality, choice, and power, free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) provides a cost-effective means for the modern enterprise to streamline its operations. iXsystems wanted to quantify the benefits associated with the use of open source software at their company headquarters. This article is the outgrowth of our internal analysis of using open source software instead of commercial software in all aspects of company operations.

Creating an Environment That Encourages Women Entrepreneurs - Roseann O'Reilly Runte (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
If women do not participate fully in entrepreneurial activities, we lose half the potential of our society and economic development will be limited. Women who do take on entrepreneurial roles succeed admirably. Thus, their participation is all the more important. This article cites a speech by Sheryl Sandberg, Facebook's COO, in which she offers several reasons for women's lack of participation and leadership. These factors are discussed and several solutions are proposed which could contribute to making the environment of a community more supportive and conducive to the successful participation of women in leadership roles.

Defining Good Deals in Business Collectives - Michael Ayukawa (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
In the context of a current project at Carleton University to create creating a deal-making platform, this article presents the results of a recent review of the literature to determine: What is a good deal? This is question is asked from the perspective of the stakeholders in the development of a software-based collaboration tool that is designed to help streamline deal development between members. The stakeholders include the creators, the users, and the investors. We answer this question by examining several streams in the literature, all centered on understanding deals and deal-making processes. These streams explore the concept of a win-win deal, how value may be seen differently, and the group processes involved in deal making. A key contribution from this review suggests that deal goodness can be separated based on a Me-We construct: the impact to each and every stakeholder of the deal and the impact to the entire collective (not just the deal stakeholders). This implies one can separate the platform management problem into actor-centric (Me) and linkage-centric (We) domains. This is consistent with the notion of players balancing their self interest with the other stakeholders in the deal (Me-We). This is also consistent with the prospect of managing ecosystem health based on player and network-based metrics.

Developing Silicon IP with Open Source Tools - Arthur Low (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The electronic design automation (EDA) tool industry is big business, and commercial licenses are extremely expensive. Open standards have driven many proprietary EDA technologies to be publicly released as free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) and some have become IEEE standards. Competition has partly given way to collaboration and has led to these standards. The development path of important EDA tools frequently now employs F/LOSS practices, which have overcome resistance to collaborative innovation between competing businesses. F/LOSS technologies are at the vanguard of leading-edge system-on-chip (SoC) design, not just because they are free, but also because they are valuable. The first commercial integrated circuits (ICs), designed by hand, helped guide manned space flight to the moon on the Apollo missions. In the past decade, silicon IP firms have shown they are limited only by their ideas, not by limited investment opportunities, and SoC firms have shown they can greatly reduce costs while innovating on the development of the largest new IC designs. This high-end technology is made accessible to startups because of open source. It is no longer just for mega-corporations. This article reviews the history of key advances in ICs and EDA tools. The common theme presented in this article for the driver of technology innovation is the requirement to develop the most advanced microprocessor possible. Today, a low-cost, high-value-added business model can efficiently serve the market for IC subsystems licensed as intellectual property (silicon IP) in the form of compilable source code. Alternatively, for larger SoC designs, engineering budgets can be shifted from the purchase of a relatively small number of high-cost EDA tool licenses to open source EDA technologies that can be run on massive compute-server farms. The two business models are not theoretical, but realistic. The author explains how his company (Crack Semiconductor) developed commercially successful cryptographic silicon IP using entirely open source EDA technologies and how another company (SiCortex) pushed the limits of IC design and open source EDA tools by simulating and verifying a massively parallel supercomputer.

Economics of Software Product Development Collectives - Michael Weiss (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
Where software product development occurs is shifting from single companies to groups or collectives of companies. In this article, we retrace the evolution of how software product development is organized and then offer insights into the economic motivation for collectives, which will be relevant to companies considering joining a software product development collective. Building on the literature on software product line economics, we identify three factors affecting the economics of collectives (level of contribution, number of members, and diversity of use), and develop a model that links those factors to three economic outcomes (time, quality, and cost). This model can be used by potential members when deciding whether or not to join a collective.
Keywords: collectives; eclipse; ecosystem; product line; software development

Editorial: Co-Creation (March 2011) - Chris McPhee; Marko Seppä; Stoyan Tanev (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The editorial theme for this issue of the OSBR is Co-Creation. The articles invited for publication in this special issue of the OSBR were originally presented last September at EBRF 2010, in Nokia, Finland. EBRF - the research forum to understand business in the knowledge society - is the oldest international peer-reviewed business research conference organized annually in Finland. The first EBRF conference was organized in Tampere, Finland in 2001. The grand theme of the 10th anniversary EBRF conference was "Co-Creation as a Way Forward". For this issue of the OSBR, a preliminary subset of EBRF articles were selected by a specifically designed committee of scholars that was asked to nominate EBRF articles fitting the topic of the special issue and providing valuable insights to both scholars and practitioners. We invited the authors to create specialized versions of the papers that were previously published in the EBRF 2010 Conference Proceedings by focusing on the practical relevance of their research for an audience including not only scholars but also business and technology experts. After the submission of the OSBR versions, an additional peer review process was used to select seven articles offering diverse perspectives on co-creation.

Editorial: Collectives (April 2011) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The articles in this issue of the OSBR focus on collectives that harness diversity to produce significant system-level outcomes. These collectives support members that belong to different groups and carry out activities in three different horizons: today's business (Horizon 1), the next generation of emerging businesses (Horizon 2), and the longer-term options out of which the next generation of businesses will arise (Horizon 3).

Editorial: Intellectual Property Rights (December 2011) - Chris McPhee; Peter Carbone (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
Keywords: intellectual property; intellectual property rights; IP; IPR; patents

Editorial: Introducing the TIM Review (October 2011) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
Keywords: editorial; journal; TIM Review

Editorial: Miscellany (August 2011) - Chris McPhee (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
For this issue of the OSBR, we issued a general invitation to authors to submit articles on the topics of open source business and the growth of early-stage technology companies.

Editorial: Recent Research (February 2011) - Chris McPhee (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The editorial theme for this issue of the OSBR is Recent Research. In this issue, the authors report on the findings and relevance of their recent research into open source and the application ecosystems.

Editorial: Recent Research (November 2011) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
Keywords: business ecosystems; entrepreneurship; innovation; open source; policy; research

Editorial: Technology Entrepreneurship (June 2011) - Chris McPhee (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The editorial theme for this issue of the OSBR is Technology Entrepreneurship. As with our May issue, which shares this theme, we have invited entrepreneurs associated with the Technology Innovation Management program at Carleton University to share their lessons and insights about growing a technology company during its early stages.

Editorial: Technology Entrepreneurship (May 2011) - Chris McPhee (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The editorial theme for this issue of the OSBR is Technology Entrepreneurship. We have invited entrepreneurs associated with the Technology Innovation Management (TIM) program at Carleton University to share their lessons and insights about growing a technology company during its early stages. The authors represent a range of entrepreneurial experience, from serial entrepreneurs reflecting on battles won and lost, to first-time entrepreneurs describing the early twists and turns of transforming ideas into ventures. What is common to all the articles is the approach to entrepreneurship that is nurtured in the TIM program. The TIM program is a graduate program that distinguishes itself by offering three important benefits to its students: i) a Master's degree by research; ii) opportunities for personal brand development; and iii) practical, real-world experience. In particular, personal brand development and real-world experience are gained by applying the program's lessons and the products of the student's own research to assist early-stage technology companies. If the student is an entrepreneur, they have the added benefit of applying their research and learning to further their own opportunity. In this issue, entrepreneurs from the TIM program share some of the key lessons they have learned.

Editorial: The Business of Open Source (January 2011) - Chris McPhee; Michael Weiss (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
An open source business is a business centered around an open source offer. Companies can engage with open source projects in different ways: they can release code as open source and hope to increase the adoption of their solution; they can contribute to community-initiated open source projects and leverage the solutions the community develops; they can offer complementary services and products that add value to an open source product; and they can reduce the cost and risk of product development by pooling their non-core efforts with other companies. This issue contains six articles. The first two articles discuss cost reduction through open source, and best practices for multi-vendor open source communities. The remaining articles were contributed by graduate students in a class on Open Source Business in the Technology Innovation Management program at Carleton University in Ottawa (http://www.carleton.ca/tim). This course explored why companies participate in open source projects, how companies manage communities around their open source offers, and how companies make money from the open source projects they initiated or contribute to.

Editorial: Women Entrepreneurs (July 2011) - Chris McPhee (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The editorial theme for this issue of the OSBR is Women Entrepreneurs. In this issue, we examine the reasons for the relative lack of women founders and leaders in technology businesses. Our authors discuss the entrepreneurial challenges that are unique to women and what changes may be implemented to tip the balance and increase the number of women entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurial Orientation and Company Performance: Can the Academic Literature Guide Managers? - R. Sandra Schillo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
This article comments on the management implications of the various approaches to measuring entrepreneurial orientation (EO), and it discusses the implications of a range of empirical findings for management decisions. On the whole, the argument is that academic research needs to increase its understanding of the differences in empirical results between different studies. To date, the research mostly spells a small number of useful warnings, for example that the positive impact of EO may level off or turn negative beyond a certain point and that it may not have the anticipated positive effect in all circumstances. However, the academic research has yet to identify these circumstances to a level of specificity that could provide useful guidance to managers.
Keywords: entrepreneurial orientation; entrepreneurship

Fostering Student Entrepreneurship and University Spinoff Companies - Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
A student spinoff company strives to transform knowledge acquired by students into an income-generating business. This article outlines how a university can increase the number of spinoff companies created by its student entrepreneurs. Student spinoff companies are of interest to all forward-thinking universities, particularly those that support research and teaching programs in the field of entrepreneurship. The spinoff companies provide tangible evidence that students acquire viable entrepreneurial skills while studying at the university. In addition, student spinoff companies contribute to regional economic development, commercialize knowledge that otherwise would go undeveloped, help universities attain and expand their core missions, and increase the return on the investments in university R&D. University policies developed specifically for student spinoff companies significantly affect the growth potential of such ventures. This article provides a model and a set of principles that universities can use to support and increase the number of student entrepreneurs at their institutions. The model and principles are grounded in research findings and practical experience. In addition, the article suggests that universities adopt a results-based management approach to plan and deploy initiatives to support student entrepreneurs. The approach is widely used by government agencies interested in increasing the outcomes from their investments.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; spinoff; student entrepreneur; university

The Future of Co-Creation - Marko Seppä; Stoyan Tanev (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The objective of this article is to provide a brief summary of the key directions in value co-creation research that have emerged in the last 10 years. It points to several emerging streams in value co-creation research including: i) general management perspective; ii) new product development and innovation; iii) virtual customer environments; iv) service science and service-dominant logic (SDL) of marketing; and v) international markets and entrepreneurship, with a focus on the general management and innovation perspectives. In addition, the article points to another emerging new direction focusing on business co-creation. The development of business co-creation frameworks integrating the participatory role of both universities and vibrantly emerging business ecosystems represents a valuable alternative to traditional technology transfer and business administration approaches.

How Firms Relate to Open Source Communities - Michael Ayukawa; Mohammed Al-Sanabani; Adefemi Debo-Omidokun (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
This article explores the relationship between firms and open source communities. Open source communities create, adopt, adapt, or disseminate innovation in a manner very different from a proprietary approach. To put this in context, we first define what is meant by open source community and then examine the roles members may play in these communities. Next, we illustrate that a firm can participate in an open source development community in different ways, depending on its level of sponsorship of that community. We assert that the degree of influence desired by the firm should connect to its business strategy and the firm needs to determine how its participation and support can be used to enhance its competitive position and provide new value to its customers. We next explore three main strategies to leverage and engage communities. We also examine how community interactions are affected by the degree of openness when engaging the community and how this relates to the firm's ability to protect the competitive advantage of its proprietary assets. This discussion will help firms with strategic planning when considering how to tap into this source of technical innovation that lies outside their boundaries.

The Impact of External Relationships on the Growth of Young Technology Companies - Chris Justus (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
Most management teams in young technology companies are aware that their success may depend on strong relationships with external organizations. However, it may not be clear to them which types of relationships are most likely to impact their growth. This article describes the author’s recent research to examine the relationship between the number and diversity of business relationships and the revenue growth of young companies. By examining data collected from 80 technology firms, and the 1943 relationships they established over a two-year period, certain types of relationships were found to have measurable impacts on growth. The article focuses on the managerial implications of these findings, which include the importance of early funding, niche identification, and building relationships with large firms.
Keywords: funding; networks; partnerships; relationships; startups; young companies

Innovation Policy Development and the Emergence of New Innovation Paradigms - Stoyan Tanev; Mette Præst Knudsen; Tanja Bisgaard; Merethe Stjerne Thomsen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
The objective of the present article is to discuss innovation policy issues related to three emerging innovation paradigms: user-driven innovation, open innovation, and value co-creation. It provides a summary of insights based on innovation policy practices and challenges in Denmark. The choice of Danish innovation policy practices is not accidental. In 2008 Denmark implemented 40 different national innovation programs by allocating about 400 million euros. Since the three emerging paradigms have become globally relevant, the discussion of Danish policy development challenges and practices is expected to be insightful for innovation experts from other developed countries that are currently dealing with the adoption of these paradigms.
Keywords: innovation; Open innovation; policy; user-driven innovation; value co-creation

Intellectual Property Rights: Unlocking the Value of this New Asset Class - Daniel J. Henry (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
Discussing the value of intellectual property (IP) has become a common theme in today’s mainstream press and is now central to the business strategy of a growing number of technology companies, both large and small, domestically and internationally. This focus on IP and intellectual property rights (IPR) is a trend that has developed over the last several years as a result of a convergence of factors including the growth of the patent monetization industry, ongoing reforms to U.S. patent law, the emergence of China and other countries in the Far East as technology-production hubs, and the advocacy of the “knowledge-centric” economy. In this article, we look at the monetization of patents and the emergence of a vibrant industry based on IPR as a new and highly prized asset class.
Keywords: asset class; intellectual property; intellectual property rights; patents

Introducing the Oregon State University Open Source Lab - Anthony Casson; Leslie Hawthorn (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
The Oregon State University Open Source Lab (OSUOSL) is the home of growing, high-impact open source communities. Its world-class hosting services enable the Linux operating system, Apache web server, the Drupal content management system, and over 50 other leading open source software projects to collaborate with contributors and distribute software to millions of users globally. Through custom software development, vendor partnerships, and industry events such as the Government Open Source Conference (GOSCON), the lab's staff and students encourage open source adoption in education, government, health care, and other sectors. In addition, the lab creates real-world educational opportunities for its students by providing high-value development and hosting services for open source communities. In this article, we describe the benefits of the OSUOSL to open source projects and to students of Oregon State University.

Key Player Identification in the Mashup Ecosystem - Monique Bardawil (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
By combining multiples sources of data to create a new application, mashups represent a powerful source of innovation. Together, the various data providers, developers, mashup platforms, and users constitute an ecosystem that depends on innovation from these various players for its growth and success. This article summarizes recent research into the network structure of the mashup ecosystem, along with the positions and roles of entities within it. This research illustrates analytical methods for identifying key players in an ecosystem, while delivering new insights into the structure of the mashup ecosystem. Finally, the implications of these findings for entrepreneurs and incumbents are discussed.

Learning from Failure: A Case Study in Entrepreneurship - Daniel Crenna (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
Business ventures often fail even when market demand is demonstrated and evaluated by peers, and when the project team is capable of producing the work. In this informal case study based on the author's own experiences, the topics of market size and fit, team size, human dynamics, business validation, and interaction design are explored to form a picture of how a business with seemingly promising prospects could still fail. Specifically, the challenges faced by small or single-person implementation teams are discussed, with suggestions for overcoming these challenges to produce more realistic and viable businesses.

Lessons from an Open Source Business - Fred Dixon (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
Creating a successful company is difficult; but creating a successful company, a successful open source project, and a successful ecosystem all at the same time is much more difficult. This article takes a retrospective look at some of the lessons we have learned in building BigBlueButton, an open source web conferencing system for distance education, and in building Blindside Networks, a company following the traditional business model of providing support and services to paying customers. Our main message is that the focus must be on creating a successful open source project first, for without it, no company in the ecosystem can flourish.

Letters to the Editor - Roseann O'Reilly Runte; Rafik Goubran; Jerry Tomberlin (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)

Leveraging Collectives as a Technology Startup: A Case Study - Natasha D'Souza (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
Entrepreneurs face a daunting challenge in turning a solution to a compelling problem into a viable business. Recent research into multi-sided platforms and collective action has highlighted an approach that may enable entrepreneurs to lower the risk of a new venture and increase revenue by delivering value to all stakeholders in a collective, not just to the company itself. However, the shift in thinking required to apply this new approach is a challenge of its own. In this article, we provide an overview of both the new and traditional approaches to development and commercialization. Next, we describe a problem for which we are currently developing a business opportunity to solve: helping parents provide adequate and appropriate support to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism. We then use this problem as a case study to illustrate how the implementation of a facial emotion recognition software application might be substantially different depending on the development and commercialization approach used. Finally, we describe the key lessons learned and next steps in developing this business opportunity.

Managing the Challenges of Becoming an Open Innovation Company: Experiences from Living Labs - Mika Westerlund; Seppo Leminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
High-technology firms have paved the way for user-driven innovations, but now even traditional industries are becoming increasingly open. This shift is a great challenge for companies with instituted practices, policies, and customer relationships. In this article, we identify four distinct steps in becoming an open innovation company based on our recent research into firms’ experiences with living lab experiments in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. We describe these phases and illustrate the divergent roles that users play in each one. We conclude with a discussion on the differences between the management challenges of conventional development projects versus the open innovation model. For all firms that wish to become open innovators, we recommend that their managers promote an open organizational mindset and apply groupware that supports increased openness, because traditional project management tools are insufficient for open innovation.
Keywords: Innovation management; Living lab; Open innovation; User-driven

A Money-Making Platform for Entrepreneurs - Robert Poole (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
New technologies such as cloud computing and platforms are beginning to emerge as simple, practical ways for entrepreneurs to start businesses in a short period of time and with little money. They allow businesses to quickly take a concept to the market to see if it will work. If the business takes off, these same technologies are ready to scale the business to reach global markets and to stay profitable the entire time. In this article, an outline is provided of key business models that have proliferated as a result of new technologies, namely multi-sided platforms, long-tail markets, and freemium business models. Next, the author describes FreebirdConnect.com, his new platform business that has emerged out of Carleton University's Technology Innovation Management program. This platform can be used by other entrepreneurs to start a new business venture that can reach new markets around the world. Finally, the article describes the steps that an entrepreneur can follow to start a low-risk, global business on the FreebirdConnect.com platform without substantial start-up capital.

A Network-Centric Snapshot of Value Co-Creation in Finnish Innovation Financing - Jukka Huhtamäki; Martha G. Russell; Kaisa Still; Neil Rubens (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
In this article, we apply the concept of value co-creation to the analysis of linkages between organizations and their human and financial resources to observe the emergence of cooperative activities in a specific innovation system. Through visual network analysis of a federated and socially constructed dataset of organizations and their related actors, we show how co-creation occurs through financial linkages. We use the ecosystem concept as a metaphoric reference to value co-creation with a network-centric mindset. Business financing linkages reveal convergence and co-creation in the innovation ecosystem, and network analysis is used to visualize the relationships between firms. Through the lens of relationship-based synergy, we provide a snapshot of innovation funding, which highlights the collaboration of venture capital and government agencies in co-creating the emerging Finnish innovation ecosystem.

New Solutions to the Funding Dilemma of Technology Startups - Ali Kousari (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
This article explores the current funding challenges facing technology startups and describes new models based on smaller investments and collective action. First, the advantages and disadvantages of traditional startup funding models are presented, with an emphasis on venture capital and angel investment. Next, an overview of existing seed funds, or seed accelerators, shows how entrepreneurs can leverage this approach to access subsequent rounds of funding and create successful ventures. Then, an overview of crowd funding is provided, including examples of companies that have adopted this approach to funding startups and their founders. Finally, the article presents the basis of a new approach that uses crowd funding as means of attracting investors to collectives. In these business ecosystems, startups are exposed to less risk and investors can benefit from attractive returns by investing in these promising startups.

Nokia's Hybrid Business Model for Qt - John Schreuders; Arthur Low; Kenneth Esprit; Nerva Joachim (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
In today's challenging economy, startup companies are finding it more and more difficult to gain a foothold and traction in the market. Free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) allows a company to gain exposure to their products. However, few firms offer F/LOSS solutions alone. The vast majority combine proprietary and open source products while receiving revenues from both traditional license fees and open source offerings (Bonaccorsi and Giannangeli, 2006). This dual practice of offering F/LOSS as well as a commercial license is a hybrid business model. In this article, we focus on the hybrid business model for Nokia's Qt product: how it is implemented, why it was implemented, and the extent to which the model has been effective. The Qt story illustrates how F/LOSS business models were developed during a period when participants were just beginning to understand how to make money with open source.

Open Source License Selection in Relation to Business Models - Carlo Daffara (Open Source Business Resource, 2011)
This article provides recent research results from the European Union's FLOSSMetrics project. The results focus on the business and practical aspects of the adoption of open source within software products or as a basis of service offerings. Research into free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) is usually conducted with a software engineering focus or with an emphasis on F/LOSS as a spontaneous or directed collaboration effort. The FLOSSMetrics project expanded that research with an investigation on how licenses, business models, and project choices affect development and productization. This article provides a summary of common licensing issues and business models choices in F/LOSS, and it provides a list of recommendations for selecting a license for a software project to suit both business objectives and licensing constraints.

Patent Value: A Business Perspective for Technology Startups - Angela de Wilton (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
In the last year, news headlines have highlighted record patent infringement settlements, multibillion dollar auctions of large corporate patent portfolios, and ongoing patent battles between key technology industry players. Despite this acknowledgment of the significant value of patents for large corporations, many small technology companies are understandably more focused on the near-term costs of obtaining a patent rather than future value. Costs may seem prohibitive to an early stage technology startup. Some software startups question whether patents are relevant to their business. In practice, effective intellectual property (IP) strategy and management is dependent on many factors, such as technology or industry sector, size and maturity of the business, technology lifecycle, and the business and market environment. IP strategy must be aligned to business strategy from the outset. By considering IP in the broader context of the overall business plan and the competitive environment, opportunities for generating increased return on R&D investment and added business value through patents or other forms of IP can be recognized early on. This approach ensures that a decision about whether or not to patent is driven by business reasons rather than budget constraints. This article examines the costs and benefits of patents from the perspective of early-stage technology startups and growing businesses, and it provides some general guidance on best practices for developing an IP and patent activity plan and for building a patent portfolio that appropriately supports business objectives.
Keywords: business value; intellectual property; patenting costs; patents; strategy

Patents to Exclude vs. Include: Rethinking the Management of Intellectual Property Rights in a Knowledge-Based Economy - Patrick Cohendet; Julien Pénin (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2011)
Traditional patent theory emphasizes the importance of patents for excluding imitators. This view is far too restrictive and is at odds with many empirical and theoretical works. Therefore, we propose an analysis of patent management that considers the properties of knowledge-based economies explicitly. Patents are thus shown to be critical instruments for coordinating innovative activities between firms. They not only exclude potential infringers, but also “include” all the heterogeneous stakeholders of the innovation process. Patents facilitate coordination via two mechanisms: they encourage the emergence of markets for technology (market coordination) and they play an important role in formal and informal inter-firm collaboration (non-market coordination). We also link firms’ patenting strategy with the characteristics of the technological regime of their sector.
Keywords: knowledge-based economy; markets for technology; Open innovation; patents; R&D collaboration