Blockchain Implementation Challenges in Developing Countries: An evidence-based systematic review and bibliometric analysis - Abu Naser Mohammad Saif; K. M. Anwarul Islam; Afruza Haque; Hamida Akhter; S.M. Masudur Rahman; Nusrat Jafrin; Rasheda Akter Rupa and Rehnuma Mostafa (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2022)
Contemporary research on technology and innovation management has gauged blockchain as a catalyst for the electronic-information era. As developing countries around the globe are facing challenges to adopt and implement blockchain, this evidence-based systematic review aims to identify the implementation challenges of blockchain technology for developing countries. A total of 1,298 published documents during the period 2016-2021 from the Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect databases were explored to recognize 19 appropriate publications for research analysis using a PRISMA flow diagram. Based on the identified challenges from the thorough reviews of these 19 publications, using the association technique, the authors developed four comprehensive themes as broad challenges: technological, governance, organizational and environmental, and knowledge. Later, they performed bibliometric analyses using VOSviewer 1.6.17, and based on the bibliometric evidence constructed term co-occurrence network plots. The results show that developing countries face challenges vis-à-vis technological, governance, organizational and environmental, and knowledge issues when implementing blockchain technology. Hence, to make blockchain adoption and implementation processes successful in developing countries, these broad categories of challenges must be properly addressed. In addition, practitioners of disruptive technology, policymakers, consultants, IT experts, business people, top company managers, and above all, respective governments need to pay attention to these challenges for accelerating the blockchain adoption and implementation process in developing countries.
Keywords: bibliometric analysis; blockchain; challenges; developing country; implementation; PRISMA; systematic review; VOSviewer

Can Blockchain Improve Healthcare Management? - Marc Pilkington (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2022)
The paper sets out to examine the relevance of blockchain technology for healthcare management in general, and specifically for consumer medical electronics and connected portable devices. After considering the pivotal role of electronic health records in the first part of the paper, we then analyze the holistic transformative role of blockchain for healthcare data management, illustrated by a set of emerging use cases. Following that, we address the fast-growing segment of consumer medical electronics and the Internet of Medical Things. Finally, we highlight the digital community-building role of public private partnerships for emerging healthcare strategy design.
Keywords: Blockchain Technology; Electronic Health Records; healthcare; Internet of Things

The Diffusion of Blockchain as a General Purpose Technology Driving Digital Transformation - Jason Windawi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2022)
Digital transformation as a process is integrally linked to the creation and diffusion of a set of general purpose technologies (GPTs) that provide both the motive force, as well as the means, for the transformation of existing industries and the creation of entirely new ones. This article takes as its subject the diffusion of one such technology - blockchain - and explores the relationship between the Schumpeterian innovation at the core of its diffusion and digital transformation as a macro process. Theoretically, I work from Rogers' definition of diffusion as a locally heterogeneous process in which variation in a new technology’s use and adaptation are driven by the decisions of entrepreneurs working in specific contexts, as well as Schumpeter's concept of innovation as a form of recombination. I explore variation in these processes of innovation and recombination across three broad clusters of implementations: Digital Economies, Extra-Institutional Trust, and Digital Finance. I find that each of these clusters is marked by a distinct form of innovation defined by differing patterns of recombination with other digital GPTs, and by the role that institutions and institutional actors play in this variation.
Keywords: blockchain; digital; general purpose technology; innovation; institutions; transformation

Editorial: Blockchain and Digital Transformation (1/2, 2022) - Mika Westerlund; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2022)

The Impact of FinTech and Blockchain Technologies on Banking and Financial Services - Anitha Kumari; N. Chitra Devi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2022)
With the emergence of new technologies, banks and financial services around the globe are taking advantage. The rapid development of information technology, internet connectivity, and smartphones has influenced the banking and financial services sector. The combination of financial technology (FinTech) and blockchain is deliberately transforming digital banking services. This study explores the intervention of FinTech and blockchain technologies in digital banking and financial services. The present study shows that FinTech and blockchain have a strong influence on the digitalization trends. The research focuses on processes of modernization in banking and financial services in addition to particular focus on the community.
Keywords: Blockchain Technology; decentralized finance; digital banking; FinTech

Interview: Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services. Part II: Governance and Legal Issues, Future Opportunities, Development Needs and Research Pathways - Maryanne Morrow; Matthew Midson; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2022)
This interview on “Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services” between 9th Gear Technologies, Inc., CPQi and the TIM Review took place on April 22nd and 29th, 2022. The interviewees were Maryanne Morrow, CEO, Founder, and Chairman of 9th Gear, and Matthew Midson, CEO, North America, CPQi. The interview was conducted by Gregory Sandstrom, Managing Editor, TIM Review.
Keywords: blockchain; digital transformation; distributed ledger technology; FinTech; Real Time Settlement

Interview: Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services. Part I: Transformation and Adoption of DLTs, Technology and Innovation, Markets and Money Management - Maryanne Morrow; Matthew Midson; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2022)
This interview on “Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services” between 9th Gear Technologies, Inc., CPQi and the TIM Review took place on April 22nd and 29th, 2022. The interviewees were Maryanne Morrow, CEO, Founder, and Chairman of 9th Gear, and Matthew Midson, CEO, North America, CPQi. The interview was conducted by Gregory Sandstrom, Managing Editor, TIM Review.
Keywords: blockchain; digital transformation; distributed ledger technology; FinTech; Real Time Settlement

The Acceptance of Digital Surveillance in an Age of Big Data - Mika Westerlund; Diane A. Isabelle; Seppo Leminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
News media companies and human rights organizations have been increasingly warning about the rise of the surveillance state that builds on distrust and mass surveillance of its citizens. The COVID-19 pandemic is fostering digitalization and state-corporate collaboration, leading to the introduction of contact tracing apps and other digital surveillance technologies that bring about societal benefits, but also increase privacy invasion. This study examines citizens' concerns about their digital identity, the nation-state's intelligence activities, and the security of biodata, addressing their impacts on the trust in and acceptance of governmental use of personal data. Our analysis of survey data from 1,486 Canadians suggest that those concerns have negative impacts on citizens' acceptance of governmental use of personal data, but not necessarily on their trust in the nation-state being respectful of privacy. Government and corporations, it is concluded, should be more transparent about the collection and uses of data, and citizens should be more active in "watching the watchers" in the age of Big Data.
Keywords: Acceptance; Biometric; Citizen Privacy; digital identity; Digital surveillance; Intelligence activities; Mass surveillance; personal data; privacy

Antecedents, Decisions, and Outcomes of a Sharing Economy: A Systematic Literature Review - Shweta Shirolkar; Kanchan Patil (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
This article provides a comprehensive framework-based review of literature on "Sharing Economy" (SE) using an ADO (antecedents, decisions, and outcomes) framework. Based on extensive coverage of studies published over a period of 12 years between 2008 and 2020, we reviewed extant research on this phenomenon from both, more developed and emerging countries. Using PRISMA methodology inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 93 articles for the review. The motivation to undertake this research was to understand emerging consumer behavior that intends to collaborate for consumption with the help of technological innovation. We identified major theoretical frameworks developed for investigating SEs and collaborative consumption behavior. The findings of the paper reveal possible antecedents, decisions, and outcomes of SEs. Many areas in the SE domain remain underexplored, despite recent significant advancements, and for this the paper provides directions for future research.
Keywords: access-based economy; antecedents and motivators; collaborative consumption; decisions; determinants; gig economy; outcomes; sharing economy

Barriers to Value Specification when Carrying out Digitalization Projects - Sten Grahn; Anna Granlund; Erik Lindhult (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
If digitalization projects aim to effectively create value for a company, one precondition is having a shared view among company staff and project members of what the "desirable" value is. However, it has been shown that few companies fully understand the value that digitalization projects can create for them, while many companies still launch digitalization projects without having gained much understanding. This contributes to the current "alarmingly" low success rate for digitalization projects. Developing effective methods to specify the desired values of digitalization projects has hence become important. One step in developing improved specification methods is to ask what the possible barriers are to improving current value specification practices. The purpose of the current study is to address this. We analyzed several digitalization projects regarding how specifications of desired project value were carried out, finding that very limited resources are spent on specifying desired values in digitalization projects, this limits project success. Likewise, there are several barriers to increasing resources for specifying desired values. Our findings contribute to understanding the development of value specification methods that aim to overcome these barriers and thus could help improve the success rate of digitalization projects.
Keywords: automation; digitalization; effectiveness; resource-efficiency; Value specification

Call for Papers: Blockchain and Digital Transformation (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Keywords: blockchain; decentralized autonomous organizations; digital transformation; distributed ledger technology

Call for Papers: Distributed Ledger Technologies for Smart Digital Economies (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Keywords: artificial intelligence; blockchain; cybersecurity; digital economy; distributed ledger technology; smartification

Can Artificial Intelligence be a Critical Success Factor of Construction Projects? Practitioner perspectives - Virender Kumar; Amrendra Pandey; Rahul Singh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
The construction sector has not been altogether successful in adopting automated systems. Related research on artificial intelligence has mainly been confined to the development of software models for a specific subset of construction work. This study aims to identify whether artificial intelligence is a potential critical success factor for construction project success. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. The interviewees were selected on the basis of convenience and included highly experienced project managers from the global community with expertise in project management working on large construction projects. Our research shows that senior project managers perceive artificial intelligence as different from information technology and advanced project management software. Major drawbacks of artificial intelligence were found to be (i) lack of soft skills, (ii) lack of intelligence to interpret things in various ways like human beings, and (iii) lack of human relationship capabilities, including the ways people manage projects. The interviewees believe that artificial intelligence is still years away from becoming self-aware. This study improves the understanding of artificial intelligence as a success factor for construction projects and provides future directions for research in this field.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; Construction Projects; Critical Success Factors; Project Success

The Catch-22 in Strategizing for Radical Innovation - Helle Alsted Søndergaard; Mette Præst Knudsen; Nicolai Søndergaard Laugesen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Corporate strategy development is a well-oiled and recurring process in most established companies. Innovation strategy, however, especially for radical innovation, is new and unknown territory. This creates challenges for companies with radical innovation ambitions. We followed the innovation strategy work of nine large organisations, finding that they all struggle with the process and how to link innovation with corporate strategy in a meaningful way, while at the same time not hampering the innovative ambitions of the organisation. We identify two main challenges of gravitation and alignment, and develop a framework aimed at asking the questions necessary for increasing awareness about inherent business challenges, and how to overcome them at the intersection between corporate and innovation strategy work.
Keywords: corporate strategy; innovation strategy; radical innovation; strategy challenges

Charting a Course of Action: An Insider-Outsider Approach - Paul Woodfield; Katharina Ruckstuhl; Rafaela C.C. Rabello (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
We explore an alternative approach to action research that can be implemented throughout the lifespan of a science and technology research programme. We do this by examining the emergence and development of a participant-observer research approach where a researcher is also part of the same community of practice as those being observed in the technology and innovation management context. Our motivation stems from the need to understand innovation processes and management over a long period. Typically, consultants are employed for a given period to carry out action research. We present a case where social scientists, as opposed to action research consultants, carried out action research after a history of relationship building and becoming embedded within a longitudinal science and technology research programme. This allowed the social science researchers to build trust and rigor with those being observed before engaging an action research approach. We present our case as a narrative of experiences, events and turning points, reporting on what was observed and experienced by these social scientists. Our study extends current knowledge by mapping the research journey toward action research through three phases: navigation, iteration, and reflection phases. We argue that richer insights are generated when participant-observers engage early, and that their insights lead to action research that is more informed.
Keywords: action research; Ethnography; Innovation management; Insider-Outsider; narrative; Participant-Observer; Reflexivity; Sense-Making

A Closer Look at Living Labs and Higher Education using a Scoping Review - Renée van den Heuvel; Susy Braun; Manon de Bruin; Ramon Daniëls (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
As society changes rapidly, there is a need to educate professionals who contribute to innovation and complex adaptations in organizations. As part of this education, companies, governmental bodies and other stakeholders have sought collaboration on complex issues in "living labs". Living labs are recognized as educational environments to prepare students in higher education for future roles. The aim of this article is to explore the nature and extent of the scientific literature about living labs in which actors in higher education actively participate. In total, 21 articles were included in this scoping review. Research into this topic appears to be relatively new. Definitions of living labs are mostly in line with the definition used by the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL), with its large variation of lab locations. Few results about organization and governance were identified. Different lessons learned regarding processes, interaction and requirements for successful living labs were found. The design of learning is mostly described by learning activities. Learning outcomes are described in generic and specific competences and assessments in living labs are rarely described. The authors recommend more detailed studies into aspects of the successful participation of higher education to gain knowledge about enhancing learning outcomes, and the effects of educational activities within living lab environments.
Keywords: approaches; definitions; higher education; key elements; Living lab; scoping review

Cloud-Based Approach for Tracking and Monitoring of Hay Bales in Smart Agriculture - Ilpo Pölönen; Antti Suokannas; Antti Juntunen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
The introduction of new technology to agriculture has resulted in enormous amounts of data and their handling and utilization challenge. Data is typically gathered from several sources such as field sensors, machines, industrial processes, different laboratories and officials. This has led to several complicated systems that are not always compatible. Farmers are confused, unaware, and face challenges in seeing the benefits for their business in relation to the time required. This paper introduces an automatic digital tracking and monitoring system for round feed bales on farms. In this system, bale data from sensors, switches, and a GPS-device in the baling machine are collected by hardware and sent to the cloud with the bale ID read from a RFID tag attached to each bale. A digital inventory of bales forms instantly, and baling can be followed on the map application with a mobile device. Data in the cloud is utilized for the farmer's user interface. The farmer can manage and do various operations with bales. An important outcome is the yield report, showing basic statistics, quantities, and qualities of bales in a digitalized field parcel. If the farmer wants to sell bales, this can easily be done with the tool. It makes sales by connecting the farmer to an e-commerce portal. A key question and challenge to be resolved involves who owns the data. All the benefits of digitalization can be achieved only with good cooperation and mutual agreement from farmers who want to have control of their data under all circumstances.
Keywords: bale inventory; bale trade; big data; precision farming; RFID; round bales; silage; Smart farming

Coping with the Double-Edged Sword of Data Sharing in Ecosystems - Petra Kugler; Thomas Plank (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Researchers and practitioners agree upon the huge potential of Big Data Analytics (BDA) for firms' competitive advantage. Capitalizing on Big Data (BD) often requires sharing firms' data with their stakeholders in an ecosystem. Sharing data, however, is a double-edged sword, because firms might also risk losing their competitive advantage by doing so. This conceptual paper uses extant literature on data analytics to introduce a comprehensive data sharing strategy framework that helps firms decide which data can be shared in an ecosystem, which should be kept secret, or if additional rules and regulations are required for sharing the data. The framework combines two distinct categorizations of data, and it relates the data categories to firms' strategic competitive advantage by employing the Resource-Based View (RBV). Firstly, the framework is grounded in the stages of the data analytics process and secondly, it distinguishes between operative, strategic and monetizable data, a new categorization introduced by this paper. Depending on the categories of data a company intends to share, the framework recommends five distinct data sharing strategies that help mitigating the risk of losing their competitive advantage.
Keywords: Big Data Analytics Capabilities; competitive advantage; data sharing; ecosystem; Resource-Based View

A Cross-Pollination of Ideas about Distributed Ledger Technological Innovation through a Multidisciplinary and Multisectoral lens: Insights from the Blockchain Technology Symposium ’21 - Victoria L. Lemieux; Atefeh Mashatan; Rei Safavi-Naini; Jeremy Clark (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Blockchain Technology Symposium 2021 (BTS'21) is a forum where academic researchers, industry professionals, and decision makers came together to present recent advancements, discuss adoption barriers, tackle common challenges, and explore future roadmaps surrounding blockchain and its related technologies such as consensus algorithms, smart contracts, cryptocurrencies, and distributed ledger technologies generally. As a follow-up to BTS'18 and BTS'20, which were hosted by Ryerson University and The Fields Institute, and by popular demand, BTS 2021 gathered a diverse audience from academia, industry, and policy makers to engage in a dialogue around crucial topics in the adoption of blockchain technology, with the aim of cross-fertilizing ideas from these communities to address the challenges and seize the opportunities brought forward by this promising technology. BTS'21 featured multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral talks and presentations on four major themes: (1) decentralized finance (DeFi), (2) decentralized identity, (3) decentralized health and (4) decentralized supply chain management. This article provides reflections on some of the key insights found in the BTS’21 presentations.
Keywords: blockchain; decentralization; decentralized finance; decentralized health; decentralized identity; decentralized supply chains; distributed ledgers; innovation; technology adoption; technology management

Developing Social Impact Evaluation Methods for Research: viewpoints on commercialization and sustainability - Leena Kunttu; Helka Kalliomäki; Sorin Dan; Jari Kuusisto (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
The social contributions of research activities have become more and more important in the rapidly changing innovation environment. Despite the fact that industrial commercialization of research results constitutes one of the most essential drivers for innovation and competitiveness, most generally used social impact evaluation criteria do not include clear metrics involving research commercialization possibilities. In a similar manner, principles regarding sustainable development have been largely omitted from the impact criteria. This paper considers the "broader impacts criteria" (BIC) model developed for social impact evaluation in the National Science Foundation in United States. We propose extensions to the BIC criteria related to commercialization and sustainable development viewpoints on impact evaluation. This paper also considers a newly introduced extension to BIC, called "inclusion-immediacy criteria" (IIC). Based on it, we propose an extended version of the model that aims to additionally evaluate the impact of research from a commercialization point of view.

Discovery and Validation of Business Models: How B2B Startups can use Business Experiments - Patrick Brecht; Daniel Hendriks; Anja Stroebele; Carsten H. Hahn; Ingmar Wolff (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Startups searching for a business model face uncertainty. This research aims to demonstrates how B2B startups can use business experiments to discover and validate their business model's desirability quickly and cost-effectively. The research study follows a design science approach by focusing on two main steps: build and evaluate. We first created a B2B-Startup Experimentation Framework based on well-known earlier frameworks. After that, we applied the framework to the case of the German startup heliopas.ai. The framework consists of four steps (1) implementation of a measurement system, (2) hypothesis development and prioritization, (3) discovery, and (4) validation. Within its application, we conducted business experiments, including online and offline advertisements, as well as interviews. This research contributes in several ways to the understanding of how B2B-startups can use business experiments to discover and validate their business models: First, the designed B2B-Startup Experimentation Framework can serve as a guideline for company founders. Second, the results were used to improve the existing business model of the German B2B startup heliopas.ai. Finally, applying the framework allowed us to formulate design principles for creating business experiments. The design principles used in the study can be further tested in future studies.
Keywords: B2B Startup; Business Experiment Design; Business Experiments; business model; Customer Development Process; Four-Step Iterative Cycle; Growth Hacking; lean startup

Distributed Ledger Technologies and Social Machines: How to “smartify” the economy with blockchain-based digital extension services? - Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
This paper examines the broad impact of digitalization on economic development. More specifically, it addresses the computer science-derived notion of "social machines", along with the invention of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) (or blockchain), as potential signposts on the pathway to "smart(er) digital economies". The paper investigates blockchain-based ecosystems as examples of social machines that assist in economic "smartification" and development. It looks at distributed ledger-based communities (DLCs) that provide examples of functioning social machines for a variety of business and personal network communications purposes. It then analyses the scaleup of DLT-based social machines by comparison with "extension services", largely in education and agriculture, which are currently undergoing processes of digitalization. Overall, this conceptual study examines the general horizons and potential impact of blockchain and social machines on the provision of online products and services, across a range of sectors and industries. The paper offers interpretative assistance to managers, entrepreneurs, technology experts, and academics with lingering questions about blockchain in and for business and economic development.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; blockchain; digital economy; digital platform; distributed ledger technology; economic development; extension services; extension thinking; innovation diffusion; Internet of Things; ledger community; smartification; social machines; web science

Ecosystems, Design, and Glocalization: A multi-level study of Technovation - Jasmine A. Shaw; Steven M. Muegge (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Business ecosystems are an increasingly prominent organizational form in both management research and practice. A growing body of research exists about ecosystem design, but designing local ecosystem instances within a global ecosystem is not yet well understood or defined. This article contributes a multilevel, embedded case study of the global and local ecosystems anchored around the Technovation Girls competition - the world's largest technology entrepreneurship challenge for girls. We first define the process platform driving this ecosystem and anchoring the local instances. Second, we identify key architectural properties of a global-local ecosystem. Lastly, we specify a process for defining design rules in an organizational setting. In addition to theoretical relevance for ecosystem scholarship, our results are also of practical relevance to leaders of existing or nascent global ecosystems, who may benefit from techniques described in this paper that involve designing a flexible global ecosystem architecture that accommodates local variation.
Keywords: business ecosystems; Canada; design rules; glocalization; Mexico; multisided platform; technology entrepreneurship; Technovation

Editorial: Aligning Multiple Stakeholder Value Propositions (April 2021) - Tony Bailetti; Christian Keen; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)

Editorial: Celebrating the World of Innovation (March 2021) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)

Editorial: Digital Innovations in the Bioeconomy (February 2021) - Iivari Kunttu (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)

Editorial: Distributed Ledger Technologies for Smart Digital Economies (June 2021) - Steven Muegge; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)

Editorial: Insights (11/12, 2021) - Mika Westerlund; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)

Editorial: Insights (Issue 7/8, 2021) - Mika Westerlund; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)

Editorial: Insights (January 2021) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Keywords: Digital disruption; digital ecosystem; eCommerce; ecosystem; FAIR; Global eCom; innovation; Innovation management; innovation process; internationalization; interoperability; knowledge; opportunity; roadmap; scientometrics; small business; sustainability; text mining; university cooperation

Editorial: Insights (May 2021) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)

Editorial: Living Labs (9/10, 2021) - Seppo Leminen; Dimitri Schuurman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)

The Effects of Competence-Based, Expressive and Collaborative Service Performance on the B2B Service Relationship - Wenting Zou; Saara A. Brax; Risto Rajala (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Service performance is considered an essential determinant of successful business relationships. It affects the customer’s repurchase intentions and, therefore, the continuity of the relationship between the service provider and the customer. Yet, due to the complexity of B2B relationships, service performance is a multi-faceted issue. It includes at least three crucial aspects: competence-based, expressive, and collaborative performance. The present paper investigates the effects of these dimensions on the buyer-supplier relationship and analyzes their mediated impact on customer repurchasing intentions. In so doing, we establish a structural equation model and test multiple hypotheses with a sample of 141 purchasing professionals from 23 countries. The findings indicate that expressive and collaborative service performance are more significant determinants of successful business relationships and influence business relationship continuity more than competence-based service performance. Also, relationship performance was found to fully mediate the links between expressive and collaborative service performance with customer repurchase intentions. The study underscores that service providers can ensure business continuity with their customers by investing in expressive and collaborative service performance.
Keywords: B2B services; Business services; Relationship performance; Repurchase intentions; Service performance; Service purchasing

Enabling and Promoting Sustainability through Digital API Ecosystems: An example of successful implementation in the smart city domain - Maurizio Brioschi; Michele Bonardi; Nadia Fabrizio; Alfonso Fuggetta; Emiliano Sergio Verga; Maurilio Zuccalà (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Recent studies have recognized that digital ecosystems can enhance the transformation of enterprises and the sustainability of cooperation networks by enabling a regulated and governed exchange of data between different stakeholders according to common rules. Thanks to digital ecosystems, data can be effectively distributed and leveraged to build innovative services in various contexts, such as smart cities or corporate solutions. In this paper we apply the Cefriel Digital Ecosystem Toolkit approach, which was first adopted to foster digital interoperability during the 2015 World Exposition in Milan, Italy. The goal of this lightweight approach is to combine technologies for building API-based solutions with governance processes and common participation guidelines. Moreover, we argue that this approach fosters data sustainability responding to the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability) principles for data management and stewardship. Since 2015, this approach has been applied in several projects and featured by the European Commission's JRC and the USA's NIST. The Cefriel Digital Ecosystem Toolkit approach now supports the creation of many-to-many digital relationships between stakeholders operating in various domains, allowing the discovery and reuse of digital assets owned by companies and organizations of any type and size, as well as supporting the development of added value services for citizens and other end-users.
Keywords: digital ecosystem; FAIR; interoperability; sustainability

Expect the Unexpected: Investigating co-creation projects in a Living Lab - Katharina De Vita; Riccardo De Vita (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Living Labs (LLs) are complex multi-stakeholder environments that enable real-life testing and experimentation of products, services, and systems. Despite increasing attention by practitioners as well as policymakers, and growing scholarly interest in the field, the literature exploring congruency between organisational objectives and outcomes when utilising LLs is still scarce. To fill this gap, a qualitative case study is employed to gain an in-depth understanding of objectives and project outcomes of organisations utilising LLs. The LL JOSEPHS® was chosen as this study's empirical context, in which 14 different projects were analysed. In-depth interviews revealed eight categories of measurable project outcomes: market acceptance, price acceptability, exposure, product testing, market intelligence, legitimisation, method testing, and networking. This study not only highlights what companies have achieved in comparison to their original project objectives, but also identifies additional unplanned outcomes that they accomplished. The findings offer important project-level insights into the potential and limitations of LLs. The results form a basis upon which to develop a better understanding of how innovation performance can be nurtured in LLs. Insights from the study may also help firms and facilitators by providing a deeper understanding of LLs at an individual project-level, and by articulating potential objectives and outcomes associated with organisations' involvement in LLs.
Keywords: co-creation; innovation; Innovation management; Living lab; Open innovation

An Exploration of Blockchain-based Traceability in Food Supply Chains: On the Benefits of Distributed Digital Records from Farm to Fork - Mika Westerlund; Soham Nene; Seppo Leminen; Mervi Rajahonka (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
There are growing internal and external pressures for traceability in food supply chains due to food scandals. Traceability refers to tracking food from the consumer back to the farm and vice versa for quality control and management. However, many traceability solutions have failed to meet the needs of supply chain stakeholders. Blockchain is a novel distributed database technology that could solve some issues of traditional traceability systems, such as cost of adoption and vulnerabilities to hacking and data tampering. This study aims to gain insights on the benefits of applying blockchain technology for traceability in food supply chains through literature review and an investigation of five companies that are experimenting with blockchain-based food traceability. Our findings suggest that, upon implementation and contribution by all supply chain participants, blockchain-based traceability can provide cost-savings, reduced response time to food scandals and food-borne illness outbreaks, improved security and accuracy, better compliance with government regulations, and thus increase consumer trust.
Keywords: blockchain; distributed ledger technology; food innovation; Food safety; food supply chain; supply chain management; traceability

Framing Multi-Stakeholder Value Propositions: A wicked problem lens - Yat Ming Ooi; Kenneth Husted (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Balancing various stakeholder (often contradictory) expectations creates tensions when developing value propositions for a new firm. Customers, funders, owners, and society-at-large often expect different value outcomes from a firm. They therefore have different motivations for being involved in the firm. These differences in value expectations are more strongly expressed in technology-based ventures, which often rely heavily on access to heterogeneous external resources such as capital, specialised knowledge, distribution, and service. In this paper, we use a wicked problem lens to explore specific challenges for companies to mediate seemingly contradictory propositions. We use two dimensions of wicked problems involving complexity and complicatedness, and conduct a secondary analysis of seven technology venture case studies from Australia and New Zealand. We then categorise the configuration types of these firms' stakeholder value propositions in the context of their scale-up process. We contribute to the value proposition and business model development research streams by suggesting that the challenge of mediating value propositions that conflict can manifest itself in four types of configurations: easy, complicated, complex and wicked. Complicated and complex propositions are thorny, but with structures and processes in place, they can be adequately addressed. On the other hand, wicked propositions consist of many unknowns and require firms to collaborate with stakeholders to derive outcomes that align company scaling objective with stakeholder value propositions.
Keywords: complexity; complicatedness; scaling-up; stakeholders; value proposition; wicked problem

Global Market Entry for Finnish SME eCommerce Companies - Marko Mäki; Tuija Toivola (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
The aim of this paper is to contribute to knowledge about the expansion of eCommerce (eCom) operations by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to global markets. We investigate the literature on eCom and reflect on our experiences working with several Finnish eCom companies and consulting firms to boost their global sales. In addition, one important goal of our study was to acquire knowledge and boost participants' learning of fast growing digital business models. Our findings show that digital disruption and digitalization in general are driving forces behind eCom growth. The study's conclusions underline the importance of targeted marketing activities, knowledge sharing, and capability building for global eCom operations.
Keywords: Digital disruption; eCommerce; Global eCom; internationalization; university cooperation

How Can Firms Effectively Use Technology in Customer Journey Management - William Boscardini Helouani (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Customer Journey (CJ) mapping offers a view of the Customer Experience (CX) from a customer's standpoint, which acts as the first step towards a myriad of actions that can be performed to improve CX. While CJ mapping has proven to be helpful in a wide range of use cases, companies still struggle to apply technology to make it effective. This research performs a literature review to identify how IT and digital assets can be used in the CJ context, providing practical examples for organizations willing to implement a consumer-centered IT strategy. As a result, it was found that IT can be used in three primary contexts for CJ: mapping, enabling, and monitoring.
Keywords: customer experience; customer journey; digital transformation; Managerial Requirements; Technology Drivers

Human Factors in Living Lab Research - Nele A.J. De Witte; Leen Broeckx; Sascha Vermeylen; Vicky Van Der Auwera; Tom Van Daele (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Human factors research is still in its infancy in healthcare and other fields. Yet it has the potential to allow organisations and living labs to assess and improve innovation quality, while closely involving potential end users. "Human factors" involve a scientific focus on the interaction between individuals and systems with the goal of improving safety, performance, and user acceptability. Studies simulating challenging real-life circumstances in selected samples and using a multi-method approach can provide important insights for organisations and governments and allow for better and safer services for the end user. By combining existing theory and case examples, the current paper aims to situate human factors research and to help researchers determine when and how this methodology could be applied.
Keywords: human factors; Living lab; methodology; safety; usability

Ideologies in Energy Transition: Community Discourses on Renewables - Petra Berg; Rumy Narayan; Arto Rajala (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
This paper examines discourses in five Finnish municipalities' energy transition processes to identify and explain different ideological discourses among its members. The study fills a gap in research extending the idea of sense making to capture the ideologies that hide in discourses during socio-technical transitions. We identify three types of ideological discourses labelled as Clan, Solarpunk and Native. The implications of the ideologies embedded in municipal, multi-partner networks that participate in energy transition affect who will be heard in a local context. This impacts future choices directly related to sustainability outcomes. We propose that discourses in these multi-partner networks, conceptualized from the perspective of municipal energy systems, help us to uncover underlying ideologies that imperil change. And yet at the same time, these revelations offer opportunities for sustainability-oriented innovation.
Keywords: Ideological Discourses; Municipal Energy Transition; Renewable Energy; Sense making; Sustainability Transitions

Integrated Test Sites for Innovation Ecosystems - Michaela Kesselring; Stéphane Ruiz-Coupeau; Moritz Kirsch; Frank Wagner; Richard Gloaguen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Natural test sites are resource-intensive and often limited to single industries or technologies. Drawing upon two strands of research into technology development and innovation strategies, the research question in this paper investigates how converging test sites may provide opportunities for multiple industries and regions. The paper analyzes multi-industrial test sites regarding, (i) the requirements of the social and physical environment, logistic requirements, as well as technical requirements, (ii) the added value for technology developers, as well as, (iii) the absorptive capacity of the region. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to analyze multi-industrial test sites. The results indicate that the suitability of multi-industrial test sites depends on the market and research fit of the test target, the quality of the benchmark data, as well as logistical, organizational, legal, social, and ecological factors. The study shows that multi-industrial test sites increase and strengthen the absorptive capacity of regions. Additionally, the study discusses managerial and political implications of multi-industrial test sites. Until now corporate and public test site practices have received only scant recognition in technology management literature, a gap closed by this paper.
Keywords: absorptive capacity; Demonstration; Exploitative Innovation; Exploratory Innovation; Mineral Exploration; Proof-of-Concept; Test Sites

The Interplay of Digital Transformation and Collaborative Innovation on Supply Chain Ambidexterity - Sara Abdalla; Koichi Nakagawa (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
This study aims at investigating the impact of digital transformation on the efficiency and adaptability of a supply chain (SC). It also identifies the role of collaborative innovation as a catalyst in these relationships. Survey data from Japanese manufacturing companies was examined using hierarchical multiple regression analysis to test the study’s hypotheses. According to the results, collaborative innovation with SC members, that is, suppliers and customers, strengthens the impact of digital transformation on adaptability, but not on efficiency. In contrast, collaborative innovation with market participants, such as competitors and partners, reinforces the positive relationship between digital transformation and efficiency, with no evidence supporting its effect on the innovation-adaptability relationship. These findings encourage firms to widen the scope of their collaborative innovation activities to include different types of partners. For firms with limited abilities to conduct such complex collaboration projects, the findings can assist managers in making well-informed decisions to include partners that accommodate prioritized organizational goals.
Keywords: collaboration; digital transformation; innovation; resource-based view.; supply chain ambidexterity; supply chain management

Interview: Discussing Value Proposition Research in the Context of New Companies Committed to Scaling Early and Rapidly - Adrian Payne; Pennie Frow; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Keywords: business ecosystems; implicitly vs. explicitly formulated value propositions; new scaling companies; value proposition; value proposition alignment

Learning from Early Adopters of Blockchain Technology: A Systematic Review of Supply Chain Case Studies - Sevda Dede; Mesut Can Köseoğlu; H. Funda Yercan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Blockchain technology is widely seen as a promising technology for global supply chains, though early adoption of the technology is both costly and risky. Along with many other discouraging factors, large investments required to enter or develop a blockchain raise barriers to entry. Concerns about potential benefits, on the other hand, have led to companies questioning whether it is worth it. Consequently, many players in the global arena are still preferring to wait by observing current practices before making investments, while trying to figure out what the technology might bring them. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to research various implementations of blockchain technology in supply chains, in order to learn from its early adopters. For this purpose, we chose case studies as the research method, which we used in a systematic way. We focused on multiple relevant case studies from previous research concerning the use of blockchain technology in supply chain practices. Through a systematic analysis of case studies, the study paper aims at bringing forward different views, approaches and results about blockchain adoption, as a way to show the pros and cons of adopting the technology under certain circumstances. The previous research was obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. This paper contributes to the literature by showcasing the use of blockchain in supply chains via multiple cases to learn from early blockchain adopters in supply chain practices.
Keywords: blockchain; digitalization; distributed ledger technology; supply chain; systematic review

Living Labs for Public Sector Innovation: insights from a European case study - Anne Vorre Hansen; Lars Fuglsang; Christine Liefooghe; Luis Rubalcaba; David Gago; Ines Mergel & Nathalie Haug; Maria Taivalsaari Røhnebæk & Francesco Mureddu (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Living labs have gained increased attention in research and practice as both a practical and theoretical innovation phenomenon that emphasizes co-creation, real-life settings, and user/customer involvement. More recently, living labs have also emerged as a specific approach to open innovation processes in the context of publics across the EU. Nevertheless, it is still not clear how the understanding of living labs can be translated and organized into new sectorial settings, what type of public sector innovation challenges it addresses, and what role citizens and users have. The aim of this article is therefore to explore and analyze how living labs are applied as processes for public sector innovation. Based on a mixed method approach of 21 European living lab cases, the analysis reveals a pattern of three different processes for living lab organizational and actor roles: living labs organized as cross-sectorial collaboration, living labs emerging within the public sector as main initiator and beneficiary, and living labs developed by civil society actors. The findings are presented as three scenarios for implementing living labs, which also acts as a background for the article's final discussion about the potentials and pitfalls of living labs in public sector contexts.
Keywords: Citizen engagement; co-creation; living labs; Open innovation; Public sector innovation

Managing the Disruption of Mobility Services: How to align the value propositions of key ecosystem players - Joel Wolff; Esko Hakanen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Many industries nowadays are facing drastic changes that enable and require new forms of interdependencies that facilitate complex ecosystems of interconnected actors. This paper investigates such a transformation facing the mobility sector, as user-centric bundles of mobility services are being introduced and compiled, by referring to the Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) concept. In the process, new value propositions arise that call for aligning the established players with new entrants. The implementation of MaaS is still in its infancy, and many open questions remain about how local authorities should support its emergence. One key challenge relates to decomposing the focal offering of the MaaS ecosystem into complementary value propositions for key players in the industry. This paper presents the results of a constructive design research project, building on interviews with a leading MaaS provider, as well as stakeholders representing national and local authorities in four European cities. The findings emphasize the need to balance a shared desire to disrupt conventional ways of offering mobility services against reluctance to overturn the industry's public and private incumbents. The co-design framework that results serves to summarize five steps that enable MaaS by guiding strategic interaction between local authorities and various players in the mobility ecosystem. In addition, the article builds on ecosystem research insights and emphasizes the need to align value propositions among multiple stakeholders. The study suggests that the mobility sector provides a prominent empirical context for future ecosystem research.
Keywords: Design Framework; ecosystem; Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS); Urban Mobility; value proposition

Perspectives from Higher Education: Applied Sciences University Teachers on the Digitalization of the Bioeconomy - Essi Ryymin (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
The bioeconomy is being disrupted due to global trends of digitalization and automation. Knowledge-intensive businesses and sustainable solutions in carbon-smart food production have resulted in various consequences for the professionals working in and for bioeconomy. This paper examines bioeconomy teachers' perceptions of digitalization. It draws on research data from semi-structured focus-group interviews that were conducted with bioeconomy teachers in applied sciences higher education. The theoretical frame for the analysis was Mishra and Koehler's (2006) teacher knowledge framework for technology integration called Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). The results suggest that although applied sciences university teachers have strong Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), they need more systematic approach and support to develop Technological Content Knowledge (TCK) in a disruptive field. Teaching in a rapidly transforming discipline, like bioeconomy, requires continuous co-development of all TPACK knowledge components by teachers.
Keywords: Applied Sciences Universities; Bioeconomy; Digital disruption; Higher Education Teachers; Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK)

A Practitioner’s View on Distributed Storage Systems: Overview, Challenges and Potential Solutions - Michel Legault (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
This paper provides an overview on how content can be managed with a blockchain or other distributed ledger technology (DLT), and what challenges need to be addressed in managing this content as part of transactions. Transactions on a blockchain may require supporting documents, for example, photos, reference documents, or actual contracts. As DLTs becoming an increasingly popular method to complete transactions and share information, several issues are arising that need to be addressed, such as: Where should this electronic content in documents be stored? Will the storage system have the features and functionality to properly manage this content through the "information lifecycle", including the retention and disposition of business records based on legal and regulatory requirements? The paper presents an overview of the emerging technology involved with distributed storage systems. It presents five solutions currently available, including their designs, how they secure and store files, and whether or not these files can be deleted in order to meet record disposition requirements and regulations. The discussion points out the need for alignment between multiple stakeholders and consortium members in a distributed ledger-based community with shared ecosystem scaling objectives. The challenges of scaling include the need to protect personal and sensitive information, especially when this information should normally be disposed after a record's retention period has ended.

Reinvigorating the Discourse on Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence in Educational Technologies - André Renz; Gergana Vladova (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
The increasing relevance of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in various domains has led to high expectations of benefits, ranging from precision, efficiency, and optimization to the completion of routine or time-consuming tasks. Particularly in the field of education, AI applications promise immense innovation potential. A central focus in this field is on analyzing and evaluating learner characteristics to derive learning profiles and create individualized learning environments. The development and implementation of such AI-driven approaches are related to learners' data, and thus involves several privacies, ethics, and morality challenges. In this paper, we introduce the concept of human-centered AI, and consider how an AI system can be developed in line with human values without posing risks to humanity. Because the education market is in the early stages of incorporating AI into educational tools, we believe that this is the right time to raise awareness about the use of principles that foster human-centered values and help in building responsible, ethical, and value-oriented AI.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; design for value approach.; educational technology; human-centered AI; intelligent tutoring systems

A Review of Living Lab Research and Methods for User Involvement - Judy Hong Huang; Elisa Thomas (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Living lab initiatives attempt to solve challenges by stimulating innovative collaboration and outcomes, which unfold in multifarious activities. This study investigates the progress of Living lab research over time. It explores its current trends, along with methods and tools used by Living labs for user involvement. By employing a two-step approach, the study first presents a bibliometric analysis of 535 publications, including detection of convergence towards areas like the aging problem of societies, smart cities, Urban Living labs, and overall sustainability. Urban Living lab clusters have been growing rapidly and forming their own research domain. Subsequently, a review of 42 empirical papers explores the methods and tools adopted by Living labs for user involvement during the innovation process. We categorize the methods into the following eight groups: 1) Structured interaction, 2) Flexible interaction, 3) Extended network, 4) Special actors, 5) Learning and engaging, 6) Design approaches; 7) Techniques, 8) Operational guidelines. The study contributes both to theoretical and practice-oriented Living lab research and offers potential support especially to practitioners.
Keywords: bibliometric analysis; co-creation; literature review; Living lab; user involvement

A Roadmap for Systematically Identifying Opportunities in Ecosystems Using Scientific Publications Data - Behrooz Khademi; Hannele Lampela; Kosmas X. Smyrnios (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Opportunity identification is a continuous process in ecosystems. However, ambiguities and challenges associated with knowledge exploration and exploitation can retard opportunity recognition processes. This in turn may culminate in excessive expenditure of resources or loss of latent opportunities. The present study adopts an analytical approach and proposes a methodological roadmap that utilizes scientometric and text mining techniques. The roadmap uses data from Web of Science as input, and generates insights that support decision-making about resource saving, strategic planning, investment, and policymaking. Our roadmap extends methods used in studying ecosystems by combining existing and novel techniques in data analytics. Using Python and VOSViewer, we show an exemplary application of the new roadmap, framed in the context of the Nordic countries’ renewable energy ecosystem.
Keywords: ecosystem; knowledge; opportunity; roadmap; scientometrics; text mining

The Role of Digital Platforms in Resident-Centric Housing Concepts - Inka Lappalainen; Maija Federley (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Platform-enabled services targeted to make everyday life easier have become increasingly available in recent decades, which in some cases challenge traditional ways of owning and working. However, comprehensive data-driven value creation opportunities, which are seamlessly connected to various needs in the everyday life of citizens or residents, are still largely untapped and unstudied. This article investigates value creation opportunities for holistic housing concepts with related ecosystems designed to combine the physical environment of residents along with a digital platform. The novelty of this study builds on a holistic understanding of value co-creation in housing, enabled by digital platforms at the ecosystem level. The empirical study focuses on a qualitative multi-case study of four holistic and resident-centric service concepts, which all include digital platforms. The main findings are concluded as follows: First, digital platforms enable various value creation opportunities in resident-centric housing concepts and related ecosystems. Second, exploring strategic choices regarding competitiveness, innovation, and growth revealed that digital platforms played various roles such as informative, supportive, integrative, or even embedded in novel housing as a service platform concepts, which call for totally new orchestration and business models across traditional industrial and ecosystem boundaries. Third, in light of the basic mechanisms for ensuring competitiveness and growth in data and a platform economy, we identify two main alternative strategic approaches. The findings serve both practitioners and researchers exploring opportunities of a platform economy, with a particular benefit for those in largely unstudied housing markets.
Keywords: digital platforms; housing; platform design; platform ecosystems; S-D logic; value creation and capture

Rural Living Labs: Inclusive Digital Transformation in the Countryside - Abdolrasoul Habibipour; Johanna Lindberg; Mari Runardotter; Yomn Elmistikawy; Anna Ståhlbröst; Diana Chronéer (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Digital transformation (DT) has received increasing attention in recent years. Up until now, most of the current studies focus on digital transformation in advanced and dense societies, especially urban areas and technologies. Hence, the phenomenon of DT is under-researched in the context of rural and sparsely populated contexts. This study aims at exploring how a rural living lab (RLL) can be shaped and how this approach can be designed to support digital transformation processes in rural contexts. In so doing, following a design science research methodology (DSRM) approach, we have made an artefact (that is, RLL framework) that is an "instantiation" that supports user centric digitalization of rural areas. The designed framework is developed based on the key components of "traditional" and "urban" living labs, as well as empirical data which was collected within the context of the DigiBy project. The DigiBy project aims at conducting DT pilots in rural areas to elevate peoples' understanding of digitalization and the application of digitalization opportunities for service development in rural areas in the north of Sweden. As a result of these studies, five key components that guide the design of digital transformation pilots in rural areas emerged, namely: 1) rural context, 2) digitalization, 3) governance, control, and business mode, 4) methods facilitating DT processes, and 5) quintuple helix actors. We also offer an empirically derived definition of the rural living lab concept, followed by avenues for future research.
Keywords: Components; digital transformation; Living lab; Rural living lab; Rural residents; user engagement

Simulating a Biorefinery Ecosystem to Manage and Motivate Sustainable Regional Nutrient Circulation - Olli Koskela; Clemens Dempers; Maritta Kymäläinen; Jarkko Nummela (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Creating an ecologically sustainable circulation of nutrients requires local solutions with commitment from all participating parties. Due to vast differences between various regions, it is very complicated, if not impossible, to create fair, simple, and applicable legislation that can consider all of these differences in a meaningful way. Thus, there is a need for clear and easy ways of developing sustainable and viable solutions locally, as well as communicating them with local community and all the way up to the supervising governmental representatives. To meet this need, we developed a simulation tool that allows the user to explore the effectiveness and impact of a local biorefinery in waste management. As an iterative model based on state machine agents, it can easily be modified for a multitude of scenarios with changes taking place over time, while considering the viewing points of all involved. In this article, we report the first version of this tool and demonstrate its usefulness in estimating suitable biogas reactor size in a biorefinery.
Keywords: Bioreactor; circular economy; nutrient recycling; simulation; waste management

SMEs and the Innovation Management Process: A multi-level process conceptual framework - Angelo Dossou-Yovo; Christian Keen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework to manage the innovation process in small businesses. It is based on research from 11 case studies in the Montreal software industry using contingency and resource dependency theories. This conceptual framework provides a view of the innovation process that differs from the linear approach often used in many studies to investigate innovation in small and medium sized businesses (SMEs). The linear approach considers the process as a set of activities that includes developing from one stage to another, while depending on the previous one. We conceptualize the innovation process in small businesses as an interactive process that involves a set of six subprocesses and several keys points of resources mobilization, which requires interacting with both internal and external business actors. Successful mobilization of innovation resources at all key points determines the success or failure of SMEs' innovation processes.
Keywords: innovation; Innovation management; innovation process; small business

Strategies for a Small to Medium-sized Enterprise to Engage in an Existing Ecosystem - Ermela Bashuri; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Recent advances in ecosystem theory prescribe that companies need to develop offers that are modular and form unique or supermodular complementarities with other offers. However, both academic and managerial knowledge of the strategies that especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) can use to engage in existing ecosystems for value creation remains scattered and predominantly vague. This article thus aims to explore applicable ecosystem engagement strategies from the perspective of SMEs, as discussed in previous scholarly literature. In so doing, the article puts forward and elaborates three distinct strategies that SMEs can apply to become part of value-creating ecosystems. In this way, the findings contribute to the literature on ecosystems.
Keywords: Complementarities; ecosystem; engagement; Entry; SME; strategy; value creation

Technology Project Summaries as a Predictor of Crowdfunding Success - Mika Westerlund; Ishdeep Singh; Mervi Rajahonka; Seppo Leminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Crowdfunding has emerged in recent years as an important alternative means for technology entrepreneurs to raise funds for their products and business ideas. While the success rate of crowdfunding projects is somewhat low, scholarly understanding of what distinguishes projects that reach their fundraising goals from those that fail remains incomplete. Further, studies on crowdfunding success often examine a number of variables that make predicting success a challenge for entrepreneurs wiling to use crowdfunding. This study uses topic modelling on a data set of over 21,000 technology projects from Kickstarter to investigate if short-text project summaries can reveal predictors of fundraising success on crowdfunding platforms. The results indicate that compared to those that fail in fundraising, project summaries of successfully funded technology projects put forward more trendy topics, use wording that reflects novelty, and focus on solving a social problem. Our results contribute to theory and practice by suggesting the importance of summarizing project content for crowdfunding success.
Keywords: backers; crowdfunding; failure; funding; fundraising; Kickstarter; prediction; project; success; topic modelling

Urban Living Labs and Transformative Changes: A qualitative study of the triadic relationship between financing, stakeholder roles, and the outcomes of Urban Living Labs in terms of impact creation in the city of Groningen, the Netherlands - Stefano Blezer; Nurhan Abujidi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Urban Living Labs (ULLs) have become a popular instrument for finding solutions to urban challenges faced by cities. While ULLs have achieved a certain level of normalisation in cities, a general lack of understanding remains regarding the character and purpose of the ULL phenomenon still leaves many challenges open to be overcome. One challenge involves the potential impact of ULLs in contributing to meaningful transformative changes. By combining a literature review with a comparative case study of three ULLs in the city of Groningen, the Netherlands, this study confirms and adds to current theoretical positions taken about how to overcome the challenge in terms of holding a shared ideology and reviewing the concepts of agency and power. It also shows that opportunity comes along with trust-building among stakeholders in ULLs, as a way to enhance their potential in practise. Consequently, this study calls for further research regarding underexplored theories and models of ULLs, power dynamics in ULLs, and into their self-sustaining character, both in terms of social adoption and ownership, as well as financial sustainability.
Keywords: Impact Creation; Transformative Changes; Trust Building; urban living labs

Using Web Text Analytics to Categorize the Business Focus of Innovative Digital Health Companies - Abdulla Aweisi; Daman Arora; Renée Emby; Madiha Rehman; George Tanev; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Categorizing the market focus of larger samples of companies can be a tedious and time-consuming process for both researchers and business analysts interested in developing insights about emerging business sectors. The objective of this article is to suggest a text analytics approach to categorizing the application areas of companies operating in the digital health sector based on the information provided on their websites. More specifically, we apply topic modeling on a collection of text documents, including information collected from the websites of a sample of 100 innovative digital health companies. The topic model helps in grouping the companies offering similar types of market offers. It enables identifying the companies that are most highly associated with each of the topics. In addition, it allows identifying some of the emerging themes that are discussed online by the companies, as well as their specific market offers. The results will be of interest to inspiring technology entrepreneurs, organizations supporting new ventures, and business accelerators interested to enhance their services to new venture clients. The development, operationalization, and automation of the company categorization process based on publicly available information is a methodological contribution that opens the opportunity for future applications in research and business practice.
Keywords: Digital health sector; machine learning; Market offer; topic modeling algorithm; value proposition; web analytics

Value Proposition Misalignment and the Failure to Become a Born-Global Company - Roshana Prabaharan; Martin Bliemel; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
This inductive study explores factors by which some new and innovative firms try yet fail to achieve born-global status. Born-global studies have a survivorship bias, with errors of omission that paint a favourable picture of how innovative and well-funded new ventures internationalise. In this paper, we counter such biases by focussing on innovative ventures that expressed intentions to become born global but failed to do so. Our findings reveal that these new ventures fail in two ways. Either they underestimate the need to tailor a portfolio of value propositions and over-extend their efforts across too many markets, a pattern called "baby born-global". Or they over-commit to one market at a time, thus limiting their capacity to develop value propositions in similar markets, a pattern called "micro multinational".
Keywords: Born-global; failure; internationalisation; premature scaling; value propositions

A Year Acquiring and Publishing Drone Aerial Images in Research on Agriculture, Forestry, and Private Urban Gardens - Olli Niemitalo; Eero Koskinen; Jari Hyväluoma; Esa Lientola; Henrik Lindberg; Olli Koskela; Iivari Kunttu (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2021)
Drone imaging has been shown to have increasing value in monitoring and analysing different kinds of processes related to agriculture and forestry. In long-term monitoring and observation tasks, huge amounts of image data are produced and stored. Environmental drone image datasets may have value beyond the studies that produced the data. A collection of image datasets from multiple data producers can, for example, provide more diverse training input for a machine learning model for vegetation classification, compared with a single dataset limited in time and location. To ensure reproducible research, research data such as image datasets should be published in usable and undegraded form, with sufficient metadata. Timely storage in a stable research data repository is recommended, to avoid loss of data. This work presents research datasets of 2020 drone images acquired from agricultural and forestry research sites of Häme University of Applied Sciences, and from Hämeenlinna urban areas. Those images that do not contain personal data are made freely available under a Creative Commons Attribution license. For images containing personal data, such as images of private homes, privacy preserving forms of data sharing may be possible in the future.

Agile New Solution Development in Manufacturing Companies - Tuomas Huikkola; Marko Kohtamäki (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This conceptual paper proposes a new agile solution development model for technology and manufacturing companies. The flexible model consists of five key phases: 1) new idea screening, 2) idea nurturing, 3) conversion of ideas into "good enough" solutions, 4) solution productization, and 5) solution revamping. These phases are iterative by nature and follow partial stage model logic, hence combining elements of both the waterfall and agile methods. For technology and manufacturing companies, the new model presents a new way to consider ideas related to new product, service, process, and business model development. It is framed in contrast with older models that are typically product oriented, which potentially restrict companies in the ability to strategically renew themselves fast enough in turbulent product-service markets.
Keywords: agile development; innovation practices; new service development (NSD); Open innovation; servitization and digital servitization; solution business; solution development

Agile Product Development Practices for Coping with Learning Paradox in R&D Offshore Units - Janne Kuivalainen; Iivari Kunttu; Marko Kohtamäki (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
R&D offshoring involves the relocation of in-house R&D activities to subsidiary units located in other countries, often associated with low-cost engineering work, to meet global operational requirements. The main motivation behind R&D offshoring by global technology companies is usually to utilize local resources, knowledge, and competencies provided by geographically dispersed subsidiaries in the most effective manner, which in most cases involves high expectations for project performance. However, offshore units often have their own local interests, such as developing their activities to compete with the company's other global R&D units, by not only building their project performance, but also demonstrating learning and innovativeness. This causes a learning paradox in which the R&D unit is expected to possess capabilities for innovation and learning, while at the same time demonstrating a high product development performance. This paper presents a qualitative case study that analyzes how R&D managers in the offshore units of a global technology company can cope with conflicting tensions between learning and performance. The results present a variety of coping practices that are based on developing local innovation strategies, constant learning, and supporting local innovation culture. The results also underline the meaning of agile working models in facilitating local innovation activities.
Keywords: Agile R&D; Learning paradox; R&D offshoring

AI-Driven Digital Platform Innovation - Sergey A. Yablonsky (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Artificial Intelligence (AI) innovation becomes useful today when it enriches decision-making that is enhanced by applications of big data (BD), advanced analytics (AA), and some element of human interaction using digital platforms. This research aims to investigate the potential combination of AI, BD and AA for digital business platforms. In doing so, it develops a multi-dimensional AI-driven platform innovation framework with AI/BD/AA innovation value chain and related levels of AI maturity improvement. The framework can be used with a focus on the data-driven human-machine relationship and the application of AI at different levels of an AI-driven digital platform technology stack.
Keywords: Advanced Analytics; AI maturity; AI value chain; AI-driven platform innovation; Artificial Intelligence (AI); big data; enterprise platform

Approaching a Data-Dominant Logic - Petra Kugler (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This paper introduces the construct of "data-dominant logic". The findings of a multi-step exploratory study indicate that SME have an established mindset (dominant logic) that often hinders these firms from turning data in innovative products, services, and business models. The availability of large amounts of data and the use of this data through data science-driven practices has reached a stage when it now enables new and promising possibilities for firms to innovate. However, the actual use of data and data science insights has proven to be difficult for many companies. The firms under consideration in this paper recognize that the availability of data fundamentally changes their businesses. But also, they lack the appropriate culture, mindset, and business repertoire that would enable them to act by turning data into innovation. The paper concludes that firms first need to establish a new mindset in which data plays a central role. Here I term this mindset "data-dominant logic" (DDL). Future research is required to further concretize the construct beyond this introduction.
Keywords: Data science; data-dominant logic; dominant logic; empirical study; organizational and managerial requirements; SMEs

Blockchain-enabled Clinical Study Consent Management - Hans H. Jung; Franz M.J. Pfister (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Written informed consent (WIC) is required in the context of voluntary participation in a clinical trial. The trial participant gives WIC in accordance with various regulatory requirements. We present a framework concept for a blockchain-based distributed ledger solution, which aims at implementing simple and secure management of WIC documentation, along the entire data value chain from acquiring consent to academic publication, and (commercially) exploiting the results of a clinical study. This may include (but is not limited to) clinical deployment, security monitoring, and conformity with data privacy and ethical standards. Thus, we present a potential “Health AI” application that goes beyond WIC documentation, to enabling the creation of a holistic data provenance trail graph. Such a framework concept aims to create sustainable value for study participants, clinicians, data scientists, and ultimately consumers. The framework’s usefulness is relevant for ensuring the ethical development of artificial intelligence applications in the healthcare domain.
Keywords: AI Ethics.; blockchain; Clinical Study; Health Artificial Intelligence (AI); Platform Business Model; Written Informed Consent

Call for Papers: Aligning multiple stakeholder value propositions: the challenge of new companies committed to scale early and rapidly - Tony Bailetti; Christian Keen; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)

Call for Papers: Digital Innovations in the Bioeconomy - Iivari Kunttu (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)

Citizen Perceptions of Government’s Resistance to Shared Parking - Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Sharing economy services is one of the fastest growing segments in today’s economy, especially in urban centres. However, some cities have taken a negative stance and sought to prohibit sharing economy services, which has raised tensions between citizens and the local government. This paper adopts a case study approach to investigate what the main topics are in citizen perceptions of their government's resistance to shared parking in Ottawa, the capital city of Canada, where shared parking is considered illegal. In so doing, the study applies topic modelling on readers' comments following news about local residents being threatened with legal action by the city for providing shared parking services to government employees suffering from insufficient office parking resources. Based on six identified topics, the study establishes a conceptual framework that contributes to the literature on sharing economies by illustrating how citizens perceive their government's resistance toward sharing economies. The paper considers whether sharing economy services could be an innovation that would benefit societies, and how understanding citizen perceptions through online comments can help a government to solve policy issues and create win-win resolutions.
Keywords: government; innovation resistance; parking; Sharing economy services; topic modelling

Company Offers to Meet the Needs of Business-to-Business Customers: Customer Strategy and Orientation - Mikko Mäntyneva (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
<Companies develop and refine their market offer by creating new products for current and potential customers. Customer-focused research and development (R&D) is expected to shorten the time to market, improve cash flow, and reduce risks. It considers both customer strategy as well as customer orientation. In practice, this means that customer strategy directs current and potential customers to a company's offering, while customer orientation allocates R&D activities to meet customers' needs. This paper contributes to customer-driven R&D research by investigating whether a company's offer meets customer needs that can be supported by customer strategy and orientation. Specific focus is given to companies operating in business-to-business (B2B) markets. The paper is based on an analysis of quantitative survey data from 292 respondents representing key account management and sales management professionals in Finnish firms across several industries. The findings indicate that offer meeting customers' needs are supported by customer strategy and orientation. The paper provides guidelines on how companies can align their research and development activities to address both existing customers as well as current and potential needs and requirements.
Keywords: B2B; customer orientation; customer strategy; Market offer; research and development; value proposition

A Conceptual Development of a Business Model Typology in Tourism: the impact of digitalization and location - Gabriel Linton; Christina Öberg (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This paper aims to conceptually develop a business model typology in tourism. It focuses on digitalization and destination location as important contextual factors when developing the typology. The paper builds on prior research on business models and tourism research by adopting configuration theory to create a typology of business models in tourism businesses. Four business model archetypes are identified: (1) bricks and mortar business models, (2) digitalized destinations, (3) create a destination, and (4) intermediary business models. The typology contributes to the literature by identifying different types of business models in the tourism sector. The typology also helps to ground the business model concept theoretically, something that has been considered as missing in previous business model research.
Keywords: business models; configurations; destination; digitalization; location; technology; tourism; typology

Correlation between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Implementation of AI in Human Resources Management - Rico Baldegger; Maurizio Caon; Kreshnik Sadiku (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This paper develops the concept of adopting artificial intelligence (AI) in human resources management (HRM) through a research questionnaire and reports the results of a study designed to investigate the perception of adopting and introducing AI in HRM processes. In addition, it investigates the correlation between entrepreneurship orientation (EO) and AI in HRM processes. A survey was conducted with a sample of 310 firm members in the HR Section Romande, as well as a literature review on the adoption of new technologies. The results indicate a perceived positive value of introducing AI in HRM and a correlation between the level of a company's EO and the introduction of AI in HRM. This means that the more a company is entrepreneurially oriented, the more it tends to implement or include already implemented AI projects and tools in HRM processes. The perceived value of AI in HRM was evaluated by comparing answers to research questions involving the introduction of AI in HRM tools, and expectations of widely implementing AI in the next five years. The main barrier of adopting AI in HRM appeared to be a lack of skills and training. In addition, potential features of implementing AI in HRM were identified as potential steps toward introducing AI as a new technology. Questions regarding the evaluation of EO were based on a research Colvin Slevin (1989). It is important for SMEs to invest in information technology to set the basis for further development. Owing to intensified competitive pressures and the necessity of entering global markets, SMEs are incrementally employing Information Technology (IT) to create substantial benefits. Most prior research has focused more on IT adoption in large organizations, yet when regarding the limited resources of SMEs, the IT adoption process is considerably different. (Ghobakhloo, Sabouri, Hong and Zulkifli, 2011).
Keywords: artificial intelligence; entrepreneurial orientation; Human Resource Management

Criminal Enforcement of Trade Secret Theft: Strategic Considerations for Canadian SMEs - Matt Malone (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Many innovative small and medium enterprises (SMEs) face unique challenges in protecting their intellectual property (IP). Potential theft of trade secrets is a key feature of these challenges, which arises often in the context of disputes related to employee mobility. Despite the risks these challenges pose, SMEs often confront significant resource barriers in protecting themselves from trade secret theft. The passage of a recent criminal law by the Canadian federal government, section 391 of the Criminal Code, creates a powerful new tool for innovative SMEs to report, investigate, and prosecute theft of trade secrets. It also comes with specific considerations and risks that innovative SMEs should examine and contemplate. This article explores strategies for SMEs in Canada to use section 391 to protect their trade secrets, navigate the legal environment during theft of a trade secret, and remediate such theft.
Keywords: confidential information; criminal law; economic espionage; enforcement; small and medium-sized enterprises; trade secrets

Demystifiying the Meaning of Transnational Entrepreneurship: Indian transnational entrepreneurs in comparative perspective - Supriya Singh; Punit Saurabh; Nityesh Bhatt (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Migration of people from one geographical location to another, within or outside a country, has a major role to play in the socio-economic development across the globe. "Migrants" and "immigrants" that showcase entrepreneurial traits and are valued in both home and host countries. Transnational entrepreneurs are often studied in various cross-national entrepreneurial research streams, like international entrepreneurship, immigrant entrepreneurship, thus causing ambiguity in the existing definitions. This paper contributes a specific definition of "transnational entrepreneurship", based on secondary research, which takes into account different mobility types. It emphasizes the importance of this construct for developing transnational entrepreneurial typologies. The authors propose a "framework of transnational entrepreneurship" in the paper.
Keywords: diaspora; entrepreneurship; immigrant; migration; transnational

Designing a Visual Tool for Teaching and Learning Front-End Innovation - Priscilla Kan John; Emmaline Lear; Patrick L’Espoir Decosta; Shirley Gregor; Stephen Dann; Ruonan Sun (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This paper presents work on the design and development of a guided visual tool, the project client map (PCM), which is intended to assist students in their class projects solving real-world problems with industry clients. We use a design science research approach to contribute to existing knowledge through the design of an artefact (the PCM) that has a clear educational and learning goal, and that provides utility. Circumscribing a problem is an essential step to seed the ideation process in front-end innovation. While this step can employ existing tools that focus separately on the organisational, environmental, and human contexts of the problem under scrutiny, there is no formalised roadmap for how to integrate these tools. The PCM addresses this gap. We present a first version of the PCM in this paper, which will be refined in further work.
Keywords: design thinking; Evidence-based Learning; Evidence-based Teaching; front-end innovation; Problematisation; Visual tools

Digitalization and SMEs’ Export Management: Impacts on Resources and Capabilities - Benjamin Dethine; Manon Enjolras; Davy Monticolo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Digitalization is becoming an increasingly central issue for companies. However, most companies, and in particular SMEs, are struggling to engage in a coherent global digital transformation process. Indeed, digitalization affects much of a company's organizational strategy, including the development of market opportunities. Digitalization has been identified as an element that fosters the internationalization of SMEs. However, the integration of digital technology requires investments and changes in a company's internal practices through the mobilization of new resources, as well as by implementing specific capabilities to manage them. The objective of this research work is therefore to examine the impact of SMEs' digital transformation on their internationalization capability. Relying on an extensive exploratory literature review, digital facilitators were identified and classified into three categories: e-commerce, e-marketing, and e-business. Then, a cross-analysis between the identification of digital facilitators from the literature and a framework of SMEs' export practices (the Potential Export Index, Enjolras et al., 2016) was conducted in order to highlight differentiated impacts that can be theoretically identified. The most impacted export practices are related to the strategic vision of the firm, the customization of its offerings, its network dynamic, and its internal organization. E-commerce facilitators concern the supply chain organization, e-marketing facilitators are related to communications and customer relations, and e-business facilitators impact the company as a whole.
Keywords: digitalization; export practices; facilitators; impacts; SME

Digitalization, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Internationalization of Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises - Annaële Hervé; Christophe Schmitt; Rico Baldegger (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Nowadays, we are living in a digitally connected global economy that is completely transforming trade in foreign markets and exposing firms, particularly micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), to major changes and new opportunities. As the use of digital technologies is creating more fluidity and nonlinearity across time and space in entrepreneurial processes, our research adopted a conceptual process to investigate how the digital transformation of MSMEs will support decision-makers in international businesses. Based on a quantitative research design, we demonstrate that the more a company digitalizes its functions, the more it favours entrepreneurial behavior to lead successful strategic decisions in foreign markets. Our results are discussed in detail and we propose several ways to benefit from opportunities arising from the use of digital technologies.
Keywords: digital entrepreneurship; digitalization; Entrepreneurial Orientaton; international entrepreneurship; MSMEs

Digitalization, Internationalization and Scaling of Online SMEs - Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
While small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly required to look for growth beyond their national markets, the increasing digitalization of the global economy provides them with ample opportunities for internationalization. However, many SMEs are unable to internationalize digitally because they were not initially designed to scale that way, and managing business model scaling in the online environment is challenging. In response to this, the current study applies a quantitative descriptive analysis of survey data on business adoption of digital technologies by 535 Canadian online-based SMEs. The aim is to understand, 1) how internationally-oriented online SMEs differ in terms of their digitalization from those focused on domestic markets, and 2) how these differences are related to the companies’ business model for scaling internationally. The results show that internationally-oriented online SMEs differ from their domestically-oriented peers, in terms of a higher degree in the 1) use of information systems, 2) extent of value networks, 3) emphasis on key internal resources, and, 4) dealing with cybersecurity issues. The study contributes to the literature by suggesting that online SMEs willing to scale internationally through digitalization need to develop a set of capabilities in regard to partnering, customer relationship, and business process management, as well as investing in information and communication (ICT) resources and cyber resilience.
Keywords: business model; digitalization; internationalization; scaling; SME

Ecosystem Value Creation and Capture: A Systematic Review of Literature and Potential Research Opportunities - Behrooz Khademi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Collaboration, co-creation, and competition are essential strategies for success in today’s modern businesses. In comparison with former ways of doing business in isolation, ecosystems nowadays have created ample opportunities for generating significantly more values. However, there are also potential threats in the pathway towards success in ecosystems. Ecosystem value creation and capture (EVCC) has recently gained significant attention in the academic literature of business and management. Yet, due to the complex structures of ecosystems and ambiguity in understanding value creation and capture in ecosystems, the contributions heretofore are fragmented, where scholars analysed different aspects of EVCC. The present study offers a systematic review of the literature to shed light on the EVCC studies. The content analysis of a fine-grained sample of articles relevant to EVCC revealed that despite the initiation of discussions in 2007, the topic did not gain noticeable attention until 2016. A 150% increase in the number of papers has since been observed. The paper contributes to the intersection of strategy and studies on EVCC by synthesizing existing knowledge, illuminating current EVCC research, and highlighting potential research avenues.
Keywords: ecosystem; strategy; Systematic literature review; value capture; value creation

Editorial: Digitalization and Internationalization (April 2020) - Christophe Schmitt; Rico Baldegger (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Keywords: business network hubs; businessmodel; coaching; digital entrepreneurship; digitalization; digitalmarketing; entrepreneurial orientation; export practices; facilitators; impacts; international entrepreneurship; internationalization; liability of foreignness; MSMEs; network view; scaling; SME internationalization; SMEs; support institutions; training

Editorial: Innovating in Times of Crisis (September 2020) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)

Editorial: Insights (December 2020) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Keywords: 5G technology; Bitcoin; blockchain; business model; business model innovation; crypto assets; cryptocurrencies; Diem; Diem Association; digital currency; distributed ledger technology; Facebook; fiat currencies; financial inclusion; Financial industry; front-end; ideation; innovation; Libra; local currencies; Management Model; not-for-profit; research center; strategic foresight; strategy; technology firms; project portfolio management; tokenization; product innovativeness; visioning

Editorial: Insights (February 2020) - Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)

Editorial: Insights (January 2020) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Keywords: AI; artificial intelligence; B2B sales; big data; business-to-business sales; data-based value; digital solutions; ecosystem; ecosystems; Ethics; Gujarat State; Indian IT industry; innovation; IT clusters; Knowledge Innovation clusters; Networks Analysis; regional development; Roboethics; Smart robot; strategy; Systematic literature review; technology; value capture; value creation; value sales

Editorial: Insights (July 2020) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)

Editorial: Insights (June 2020) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Keywords: Bitcoin; blockchain; crowdfunding; crypto assets; cryptocurrencies; developing countries.; distributed ledger technology; Employeedriven innovation; entrepreneurial finance; entrepreneurship; Ethereum; Financial industry; FinTech; ICOs; IEO; innovation; intellectual property rights; internationalization; IT industry; job autonomy; mining industry; moral hazard; need for autonomy; new company; Porter's Five Forces framework; regulation; scaling company value; scaling-up; self-leadership; signaling; SME; STO; sustainability; technological environment; technology; technology readiness; token offering; token sales; tokenization; value proposition; value proposition alignment; venture capital

Editorial: Insights (November 2020) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Keywords: AI innovation and maturity; and diaspora entrepreneurs.; artificial intelligence; confidential information; criminal law; digitally enhanced teamwork; economic espionage; entrepreneurship; health technology; immigrants; Innovation management; living labs; migration; Multidisciplinarity; situated practice; small and medium-sized enterprises; stakeholder participation; sustainability; trade secrets; transnationals

Editorial: Insights (October 2020) - Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Keywords: Advanced Analytics; AI maturity. Data science; AI value chain; AI-driven platform innovation; Artificial Intelligence (AI); big data; business decision-making; business model components; business models; content analysis; data-dominant logic; dominant logic; empirical study; enterprise platform; industries; online communication; online data collection; organizational and managerial requirements; principal component analysis; R&D; research and development; secondary data. Sustainability; SMEs. Disruptive innovation; sustainable innovation

Editorial: ISPIM Bangkok (August 2020) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Keywords: Basic research; biotech startups.; co-working; Conceptual research; disruption; incubators; innovation; Integrative marketing; investors; knowledge-sharing; Open marketing; organizational capabilities; Pharmaceutical companies; roles; service ecosystems; service entities; service-dominant logic; stakeholders; strategic marketing; strategy-innovation link; structured literature review; triadic relationships; University and Public research institute; value co-creation

Editorial: Rapid Product Development and R&D (March 2020) - Iivari Kunttu; Charles Camarda; Antti Perttula (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)

Editorial: Sharing Economy and Government Innovation (May 2020) - Shenja van der Graaf; Carina Veeckman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)

The Effect of Machine Learning on Knowledge-Intensive R&D in the Technology Industry - Daniel Viberg; Mohammad H. Eslami (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
The impact of such current state-of-the-art technology as machine learning (ML) on organizational knowledge integration is indisputable. This paper synergizes investigations of knowledge integration and ML in technologically advanced and innovative companies, in order to elucidate the value of these approaches to organizational performance. The analyses are based on the premise that, to fully benefit from the latest technological advances, entity interpretation is essential to fully define what has been learned. Findings yielded by a single case study involving one technological firm indicate that tacit and explicit knowledge integration can occur simultaneously using ML, when a data analysis method is applied to transcribe spoken words. Although the main contribution of this study stems from the greater understanding of the applicability of machine learning in organizational contexts, general recommendations for use of this analytical method to facilitate integration of tacit and explicit knowledge are also provided.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; explicit knowledge; knowledge integration; ML; tacit knowledge; technological firm

Embracing Product Innovativeness in Technology Firms: The Impact of Management Model Principles - Pınar Büyükbalcı; Esin Ertemsir; Zayneb Boukari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Extending the debate on how to enable and manage innovation requires a discussion of the potential beneficial impact of management models and corresponding principles. In this paper, we draw on literature involving product innovativeness and management models to propose that product innovativeness is facilitated and influenced by practices and principles traceable in different management models. We test our hypotheses with data from a sample of high technology firms. Findings suggest that management models and principles have varying impacts on product innovativeness. Specifically, we found the principles of obliquity, emergence, and intrinsic motivation as significant enablers of product innovativeness, along with extrinsic motivation. Also, each management model differently impacted and fostered product innovativeness.
Keywords: innovation; Management Model; Product innovativeness; Technology firms

An Empirical Study into the Individual-Level Antecedents to Employee-Driven Innovation - Chukwuemeka K. Echebiri (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
The purpose of this paper is to link individual-level factors (such as need for autonomy, self-leadership, and perceived job autonomy) to employee-driven innovation with self-leadership as an indirect link. The study is based on survey data of 315 employees in the banking sector, collected in two waves where the variables were separated in time. The hypothesized model was analysed using a structural equation model on Stata. First, it was found that the need for autonomy had an indirect association with employee-driven innovation through self-leadership. Second, the findings show that self-leadership had a positive relationship with employee-driven innovation. Finally, there was no support found for the moderating role of perceived job autonomy between self-leadership and employee-driven innovation. The findings in this paper are important because they identify individual-level antecedents of employee-driven innovation.
Keywords: employee-driven innovation; job autonomy; need for autonomy; self-leadership

Enabling Rapid Product Development through Improved Verification and Validation Processes - Antti Perttula; Joni Kukkamäki (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Fierce competition in consumer electronics market has raised a lot of challenges for product development. Products now must enter to the market as fast as possible. The verification and validation (V&V) process is normally the most resource-demanding activity in product development (PD), and thus also has huge potential for improvement. The V&V process is traditionally executed near the end of the development process, and is one of the most critical activities because it identifies design errors. Error correction for a nearly complete product is often difficult and therefore can cause unexpected delays in product delivery. Performing V&V activities in early phases of the PD process and utilising V&V methods other than testing has proven to be a good approach to reduce risks associated with taking a long time to reach the market. However, V&V can only be carried out when verifiable requirements exist. This paper focuses on the importance of moving V&V activities to each phase of PD by defining the requirements for components and modules. In addition, we explore how some of product-level requirements can be verified before a product has been integrated, and explain the difference between definitions of verification and validation requirements. Finally, we present the idea of changing the focus of verification activities from being set-based in the early phase of development, to being point-based when the product is close to completion.
Keywords: agile; requirements; set-based design; validation; Verification

The Ethical Dimensions of Public Opinion on Smart Robots - Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This article investigates public opinion about smart robots, with special focus on the ethical dimension. In so doing, the study reviews relevant literature and analyzes data from the comments sections of four publically available online news articles on smart robots. Findings from the content analysis of investigated comments suggest that public opinion about smart robots remains fairly negative, and that public discussion is focused on potentially negative social and economic impacts of smart robots on society, as well as various liability issues. In particular, many comments were what can only be called “apocalyptical”, suggesting that the rise of smart robots is a threat to the very existence of human beings, and that the replacement of human labour by smart robots will lead to deepening the socio-economic gap, and concentrating power and wealth in the hands of even fewer people. Further, public discussion seems to pay little attention to the debate on whether robots should have “rights”, or on the increasing environmental effects of the growth in robotics. This study contributes to the extant literature on “roboethics”, by suggesting a dendrogram approach to illustrate themes based on a qualitative content analysis. It suggests that smart robot manufacturers should ensure better transparency and inclusion in their robotics design processes to foster public adoption of robots.
Keywords: Content analysis.; Ethics; Public opinion; Roboethics; Smart robot

An Ethical Framework for Smart Robots - Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This article focuses on “roboethics” in the age of growing adoption of smart robots, which can now be seen as a new robotic “species”. As autonomous AI systems, they can collaborate with humans and are capable of learning from their operating environment, experiences, and human behaviour feedback in human-machine interaction. This enables smart robots to improve their performance and capabilities. This conceptual article reviews key perspectives to roboethics, as well as establishes a framework to illustrate its main ideas and features. Building on previous literature, roboethics has four major types of implications for smart robots: 1) smart robots as amoral and passive tools, 2) smart robots as recipients of ethical behavior in society, 3) smart robots as moral and active agents, and 4) smart robots as ethical impact-makers in society. The study contributes to current literature by suggesting that there are two underlying ethical and moral dimensions behind these perspectives, namely the “ethical agency of smart robots” and “object of moral judgment”, as well as what this could look like as smart robots become more widespread in society. The article concludes by suggesting how scientists and smart robot designers can benefit from a framework, discussing the limitations of the present study, and proposing avenues for future research.
Keywords: AI; artificial intelligence; Ethics; Roboethics; Smart robot

Examining the Relationship Between Cybersecurity and Scaling Value for New Companies - Tony Bailetti; Daniel Craigen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
We explore the cybersecurity-scaling relationship in the context of scaling new company value rapidly. The relationship between the management of what a new company does to protect against the malicious or unauthorized use of electronic data, and the management of what a new company does to scale company value rapidly is important, but not well understood. We use a topic modelling technique to identify the eight topics that best describe a corpus comprised of 137 assertions about what new companies do to scale company value rapidly, manually examine the stability of the topics extracted from the dataset, and describe the relationship between 17 assertions about how to manage cybersecurity in new companies, and the six topics found to be stable. The six stable topics are labelled Fundraise, Enable, Position, Communicate, Innovate, and Complement. We find that of the 17 cybersecurity assertions, seven are related to Position, two to Innovate, one to Fundraise and, one to Complement. Six cybersecurity assertions were not found to be strongly related to any of the eight topics. This paper contributes to our understanding of cybersecurity in the context of a new company that scales its value rapidly, an application of topic modelling to perform small-scale data analysis, and a manual approach to examine the stability of the topics extracted by the topic modelling technique. We expect this paper to be relevant to new companies’ top management teams, members of the networks upon which new companies depend for to scale company value, accelerators and incubators, as well as academics teaching or carrying out research in entrepreneurship.
Keywords: cybersecurity; scaling company value; scaling initiatives; topic model stability

Examining the Relationship Between Value Propositions and Scaling Value for New Companies - Tony Bailetti; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
To scale company value rapidly, a new company needs to develop value propositions for diverse parties, customers, investors, partners, suppliers, employees, and other resource owners, as well as align these value propositions with its scaling objectives. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between value propositions for a diverse set of parties, and efforts from a new company to scale company value rapidly. We review the value proposition literature and then examine the relationships between 19 assertions about value propositions, as well as six stable topics that best describe the SERS corpus, which is comprised of 137 assertions about scaling companies early, rapidly, and securely. Conducting a topic model of eight topics led to six stable topics: Fundraise, Enable, Position, Communicate, Innovate, and Complement. We find that of the 19 assertions about value propositions, four are connected to Complement, four to Innovate, one to Position, one to Fundraise, and one to Communicate. A total of eight assertions about value propositions are not connected to any of the six stable topics. This paper contributes to our understanding of how a new company scales company value rapidly, adding an application of topic modelling to perform small-scale data analysis. The findings are expected to be relevant to entrepreneurs and new companies worldwide.
Keywords: scaling company value; scaling objectives; topic modeling; topic stability; value proposition

Facebook’s Digital Currency Venture “Diem”: the new Frontier ... or a Galaxy far, far away? - Jahja Rrustemi; Nils S. Tuchschmid (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This article focuses on Facebook's new digital currency, initially called "Libra" and renamed in December 2020 "Diem", that has been designed and proposed by the Diem Association (formerly the Libra Association). It briefly reflects on the historical meaning of money and currency, as well as "local currencies" viewed as precursors to the new "digital currencies" or "cryptocurrencies". The paper presents a general overview of the Diem project, particularly from the perspective of financial theory and practise. It looks specifically into Diem's business model and analyzes the project's planned and potential revenue streams, according to official documents published by the Diem Association. The research identifies potential obstacles and hurdles this digital currency would (since it has not happened yet) face on launch day and assesses whether the project is feasible in its current form. In the authors' view, although some early concerns were addressed in the Diem White Paper 2.0, the Diem project is only questionably ready for commercial launch in its current state. Speaking directly to the financial aspects of the Diem Association's project, the current regulatory hurdles and institutional pressures seem difficult to bypass without making some additional noticeable and meaningful changes to Diem.
Keywords: Bitcoin; blockchain; crypto assets; cryptocurrencies; Diem; Diem Association; digital currency; distributed ledger technology; Facebook; fiat currencies; financial inclusion; Financial industry; Libra; local currencies; tokenization

Fundraising Campaigns in a Digital Economy: Lessons from a Swiss Synthetic Diamond Venture's Initial Coin Offering (ICO) - Jahja Rrustemi; Nils S. Tuchschmid (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
As economies digitalize and many local businesses gradually internationalize, crowdfunding platforms have offered a new way for ventures to raise capital. Relying on distributed ledger technology (DLT, blockchain), the method of "tokenization" now seems to be the next way for digital economics to be actualised in practise. Digitalizing some of the production and selling processes through crypto-tokenization technology has brought with it new perspectives and opportunities. Any thorough consideration of the logic of "distributed systems" applied to economics is bound to see that it potentially brings considerable disruptions and significant changes in how companies get access to funding. Cryptocurrencies, and subsequently "tokens" initially issued from "initial coin offerings" (ICOs) have answered an obvious need for efficient, borderless, and secure flows of capital. This article first summarizes what early academic research tells us about ICOs based on DLTs and their factors of success. We then use the case of LakeDiamond, a Swiss venture in the business of growing and polishing synthetic diamonds, to present and contextualize the process of holding an ICO, which ultimately did not succeed. In the final section, we present two fund raising models that have recently gained traction and popularity, namely "security token offerings" (STOs) and "initial exchange offerings" (IEOs), and highlight their main advantages compared to ICOs.
Keywords: Bitcoin; blockchain; crowdfunding; crypto assets; cryptocurrencies; distributed ledger technology; entrepreneurial finance; Ethereum; Financial industry; FinTech; ICOs; IEO; moral hazard.; signaling; STO; token offering; token sales; tokenization; venture capital

How Institutions Promote Digital Marketing in Small and Medium International Companies: a Comparison Between Costa Rica and France - Karen V. H. Carpio; Susan Arce; Manon Enjolras; Mauricio Camargo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
The objective of this paper is to analyze institutional promotions to small and medium international enterprises on the subject of digital marketing. The authors conduct qualitative research with a descriptive scope, including 12 institutions in Costa Rica and France. The study is dedicated to working with SMEs involved in an internationalization process and offering them some type of training. for the collection of information, an in-depth interview with each participant was applied. It concludes that SMEs promote digital marketing through institutions, and that the way in which they carry it out varies between the two countries, Costa Rica being a more general and structured service, and France a more customized one.
Keywords: coaching; digital marketing; internationalization; SMEs; support institutions; training

How to Digitally Enhance Bioeconomy Collaboration: Multidisciplinary Research Team Ideation for Technology Innovation - Essi Ryymin; Laura Lamberg; Annukka Pakarinen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
In this paper we examine the potential of digital platforms for managing multidisciplinary collaboration and particularly the ideation processes of multidisciplinary research and development in the case of technology-supported vertical farming. The article draws on research data from semi-structured interviews and a collaborative workshop that was conducted with researchers representing biological, digital, and technological domains. The results of this research indicate that digital platforms may offer impactful, process-accelerating support during the kick-off phase of multidisciplinary technological innovations. A digital platform can support ideation and the prioritisation of ideas and can be especially fruitful when paired with face to face discussion and non-digital interaction.
Keywords: digitally enhanced teamwork; ideation; Multidisciplinarity; sustainability; technological innovation

Human-Centered Design for Collaborative Innovation in Knowledge-based Economies - Tiago Filipe Pereira da Silva; João Paulo Coelho Marques (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This research explores a university-industry collaboration based on the case study of an innovation project based on Stanford University's ME310 Design Innovation program. The Porto Design Factory and IKEA Industry joined forces to tackle a problem using what has come to be called a human-centered design approach. The case study provides an understanding of outcomes that reveal the potential of using a human-centered design approach to solve technical problems while enhancing customer experience. It also identifies the benefits that each institution gained by collaborating. The outcomes show that companies benefit from building interfaces with external partners, and that universities are relevant players in the innovation ecosystem, satisfying their third mission of being entrepreneurial institutions.
Keywords: co-creation; design thinking; Human-Centered Design; innovation; ME310; new product development; Project-based Learning; University-Industry Collaboration

“I Stood By and Watched”: An Autoethnography of Stakeholder Participation in a Living Lab - Samuel Schrevel; Meralda Slager; Erwin de Vlugt (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
An emerging and innovative way of organizing projects in health technology and innovation is the so-called "living lab" Because of their characteristics, living labs may provide a solution to a very old problem: how to facilitate the meaningful participation of stakeholders in science and technology? In this article, I (we use a first-person perspective in the paper) aim to contribute to the literature by providing an account of my experiences as a participation researcher with stakeholder participation in a living lab in the Netherlands. I participated in a yearlong project on ensuring freedom for residents in a closed psychogeriatric ward. Using three key moments from that experience, I illustrate why participation was the intention, but was harder to achieve in practice. Participation processes and living labs are situated in specific social and physical contexts. I discuss the "situatedness" of living labs and propose to reconceptualize them as "situated practices" the value of a living lab lies in the processes of work it conducts on specific innovations situated in its local context. A key conclusion is that providing narrative descriptions of living lab projects, with attention to situatedness and stakeholder participation, can provide invaluable examples, insights, and inspirations for other researchers in the field.
Keywords: dementia; health technology; living labs; nursing home; psychogeriatric care; situated practice; stakeholder participation

The Importance of Global Business Hubs on Internationalizing SMEs: an empirical analysis of psychic and geographic distance - Pascal Wild (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This article investigates the influence of psychic and geographic distance, as well as country and market-related variables, on the preference of high-technology small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to connect with, and settle in major business hubs. Literature in the field of SME internationalization and international entrepreneurship increasingly emphasizes a network approach in which the characteristics and linkages of the internationalizing firm’s network are studied. We aim to contribute to this network-based internationalization research by integrating a further element present in complex social and technical networks: network hubs. Hubs are highly connected nodes within a network. In global business, hubs can be defined as business sites that have a high interconnection with the world economy through tremendous flows of goods and capital. The empirical findings of our research suggest that internationalizing high technology SMEs tend to connect with, or settle in to foreign market business hubs, when focal markets are more distant from their home market. These findings are significant for both geographic and psychic distances between home and focal markets.
Keywords: business network hubs; international entrepreneurship; liability of foreignness; network view; SME internationalization

Integrated AI and Innovation Management: The Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship - Nina Bozic Yams; Valerie Richardson; Galina Esther Shubina; Sandor Albrecht; Daniel Gillblad (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
There is a growing consensus around the transformative and innovative power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology. AI will transform which products are launched and how new business models will be developed to support them. Despite this, little research exists today that systematically explores how AI will change and support various aspects of innovation management. To address this question, this article proposes a holistic, multi-dimensional AI maturity model that describes the essential conditions and capabilities necessary to integrate AI into current systems, and guides organisations on their journey to AI maturity. It explores how various elements of the innovation management system can be enabled by AI at different maturity stages. Two key experimentation stages are identified, 1) an initial stage that focuses on optimisation and incremental innovation, and 2) a higher maturity stage where AI becomes an enabler of radical innovation. We conclude that AI technologies can be applied to democratise and distribute innovation across organisations.
Keywords: AI innovation; AI maturity; artificial intelligence; IMS ISO 56002; Innovation management; maturity model

Integrated Innovation and Sustainability Analysis for New Technologies: An approach for collaborative R&D projects - Johannes Gasde; Philipp Preiss; Claus Lang-Koetz (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
In order to effectively shape the impact of an innovation on sustainability, the early phases of the innovation process are crucial. This is especially true for complex collaborative R&D projects with multiple partners. We have found that there is an increasing need for simple methods that enable partners in such R&D projects to guide them towards sustainability-oriented innovations (SOI). In response, we have developed a methodology called Integrated Innovation and Sustainability Analysis (IISA). It is based on the early involvement of stakeholders, along with a sustainability assessment of the planned innovation to provide feedback loops into technology development. The overall goal of the method is to improve the potential impact on sustainability in the three dimensions: economic, environmental, and social. The IISA method and its application in two collaborative R&D projects with several research and industry partners that serve as practical examples, is presented and discussed in this paper.
Keywords: Innovation and sustainability analysis; R&D collaborations; sustainability-oriented innovation; stakeholder dialogue; stakeholder integration.

Internationalization and Digitalization: Applying digital technologies to the internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises - Annaële Hervé; Christophe Schmitt; Rico Baldegger (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Digitalization is playing an increasingly important role in the growth of firms and is leading to structural and strategic transformations. The use of digital technologies presents new opportunities for SMEs to expand and succeed in foreign markets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the impact of digital technologies on the internationalization process of SMEs has been acknowledged in the literature. It offers an in-depth analysis of five of the most highly relevant recent scientific research papers. The findings are synthetized through key points that highlight how SMEs acting in foreign markets could benefit from digital technologies. This paper complements previous research on the international trade transition initiated by digital technologies and provides a new perspective on contemporary research regarding the internationalization of firms. It concludes by identifying implications for research by scholars seeking to further study the digital aspects of traditional theoretical models of internationalization.
Keywords: digital entrepreneurship; digital technologies; digitalization; international business; internationalization; SMEs.

Kondratieff’s Economic Waves and Future Scenarios Planning: an approach for organizations - Marcos Ferasso; Eloisio Andrey Bergamaschi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This manuscript aims to present connections between scenario building techniques and Kondratieff's long economic waves, as a way of identifying patterns in medium and long-term planning for companies' future scenarios. This essay considers two different conceptual contributions to improve forecasting on organizations taking as a departure point Kondratieff's economic waves and Schwartz's future scenario planning. Analyzing these two theoretical contributions, we concluded that the information obtained through the path of Kondratieff's waves can delineate future scenarios as a way to anticipate challenges, opportunities, and threats for organizations' contingency planning. As a contribution for practitioners, considering these two approaches together enables greater performance for strategic planning of future scenarios that can be applied by organizations across a range of industries.
Keywords: Economic waves; foresight; Future studies; Kondratieff.; Strategic Planning

More for Less? Sharing Economy as a Driver of Public Welfare Innovation - Eva Pallesen; Marie Aakjær (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This article investigates sharing economy as a path to welfare innovation. It is based on a case where a digital platform is activated in order to support sharing among citizens with lung disease, and thereby increase health and well-being. The case exemplifies how sharing economy currently is taken up by public actors in the attempt to prolong the goals of the public sector beyond itself. This implies drawing everyday sharing practices into a new middle between formal organization and private relations. In a critical response to literature on sharing economy that tends to reduce "sharing" to "transaction", the article draws attention to how sharing entangles with hopes, fears, and affectual engagements of everyday life, and to how it interacts with technology in unforeseen ways and beyond anticipated outcomes. Based on the analysis, the article concludes that there may be good reasons for public welfare authorities to engage in facilitating sharing among citizens. This is not because it is likely to provide "more for less" in relation to predetermined goals, but rather because it can open up other kinds of welfare outcomes that cannot be produced by public organizations themselves.
Keywords: innovation; public sector; sharing economy; technology; welfare state

Multi-Actor Network Perspective: CaliBaja an emergent binational innovation ecosystem - Sylvia Mónica Pérez-Núñez; Arturo Serrano-Santoyo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
To contribute to the field of management of technology and innovation, this paper focuses on a multi-actor network perspective to map stakeholders and identifies key actors in CaliBaja’s binational innovation ecosystem. This region has a unique territorial extension and population dynamics. It is a land of opportunity for global businesses, houses world-class colleges, universities and applied research institutes, and has been recently acknowledged as a global innovative mega-region. We apply social network analysis to this region as an innovative and valuable methodology to identify significant local contributors, defined as according to key elements and success factors that promote and establish communication and interaction among the network stakeholders.
Keywords: innovation ecosystems; Networks Analysis; regional development

Open Marketing: Conceptualizing external parties’ strategic marketing activities - Christina Öberg (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Open marketing as conceptualized in this paper refers to how external parties take part in strategic, integrative marketing activities. To distinguish this more recent trend in marketing from traditional meanings of marketing, the paper provides a typology on roles and role keepers in marketing. Four types of roles and role keepers are outlined: marketing as 1) solely being performed by actors in the supplier company communicating offerings, 2) an activity shared among functions of the supplier company, 3) external parties communicating offerings, and 4) external parties contributing to strategic marketing. Using the concept of 'roles' in marketing helps to structure activities and actors - or roles and role keepers - and provides a basis for understanding that marketing results from what is done, not merely from who performs it. The paper underlines how new ways of conducting business also have implications for a company's marketing beyond its borders.
Keywords: Conceptualization; Integrative marketing; Open marketing; roles; Strategic marketing.

Organizing the Development of Digital Product-Service Platforms - Johan Simonsson; Mats Magnusson; Anders Johanson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Servitization is today a common theme among manufacturing companies, with the goal of better addressing the needs of their customers. Digitalization is one key enabler of servitization. One aspect of this concept can be provided through digital product-service platforms, which may facilitate the enrichment of a market offer, as well as keeping costs under control. Platforms are in general a well-established concept for manufacturing companies, as enablers of rich product offerings based on a few components. Less is known, however, about how the ambition to create digital product-service platforms interplays with the business model innovation needed as a result of the servitization efforts, along with processes and organization. This paper identifies a number of challenges that manufacturing companies may face when undertaking platform development for services, based on an empirical study made in the Swedish company Husqvarna Group.
Keywords: business model innovation; corporate entrepreneurship; digital platforms; servitization

Is Porter's Five Forces Framework Still Relevant? A study of the capital/labour intensity continuum via mining and IT industries - Diane Isabelle; Kevin Horak; Sarah McKinnon; Chiara Palumbo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Porter's Five Forces (P5F) framework, published in 1979, helps us to understand the attractiveness of an industry. The five competitive forces are: the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products of services, and the rivalry among existing competitors. This framework has recently come under scrutiny and been called into question. To contribute to the debate, this paper investigates the relevance of Porter's framework by contrasting vastly different industries. The use cases consist of a resource-based, capital-intensive industry, the mining industry, and a knowledge-based, labor-intensive industry, the information technology industry. Drawing from research on Porter's Five Forces framework, and through an internationalization lens, the paper proposes a modified framework augmented with four additional forces. These additional forces are: the competitor's level of innovativeness, exposure to globalization, threat of digitalization, and industry exposure to de/regulation activities. These forces were added to capture the increased interconnectivity and complexity of businesses operating in the 21st century. The paper contributes to this body of knowledge by augmenting a popular framework and applying it to vital industrial sectors. The findings aim to incite researchers, managers, entrepreneurs and policymakers to go beyond the traditional five forces as a way to help monitor their business environment and enhance decision-making processes, particularly in a post-COVID-19 world.
Keywords: internationalization; IT industry; mining industry; Porter's Five Forces framework; regulation

Project Portfolio Management in the Front-End of Innovation of Research Centers: a Literature Review - Rui Nuno Castro; João José Pinto Ferreira (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
The beginning of an innovation process, also known as “front-end of innovation” (FEI), counts as an essential contributor to the successful development of new products and for their market appeal. Nevertheless, while helpful procedures and techniques for developing new products are well-known and widely applied, FEI is still an understudied area, and models for managing it are not yet commonly used in technology-oriented companies. FEI, also known as "fuzzy front end", can even be "fuzzier" in not-for-profit research centers. That is because the focus of these centers is advancing of scientific knowledge, rather than commercializing the results of those activities. This study summarizes the insights from a literature review on the topic of “project portfolio management” (PPM) in relation to innovation and, more specifically, with FEI and its components of ideation, innovation management, innovation strategy, foresight, and incremental or radical innovation. The authors selected and reviewed content from 170 papers published in SCOPUS prior to February 2019. The discussion uses a theoretical framework called "Front-End of Innovation Integrative Ontology (FEI2O)" to assist in framing the discussion.
Keywords: front-end; ideation; innovation; not-for-profit; Project Portfolio Management; research center

Rapid Learning and Knowledge-Gap Closure During the Conceptual Design Phase – Rapid R&D - Charles J. Camarda; Stephen J. Scotti; Iivari Kunttu; Antti Perttula (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
New product development strategies, such as set-based concurrent engineering design (SBCED) or set-based design (SBD), have demonstrated improved ways to address knowledge gaps in alternate design concepts prior to the decision to select a single concept for development. Most of the corpus in this field addresses engineering product development that relies on systems and subsystems with years of prior experience in testing, development, and operation. These often have known or existing solutions, and use state-of-the-art (SOA), or near SOA technology. In addition, most papers do not dive into the details of how knowledge was attained to rapidly close critical knowledge gaps. This paper attempts to explain how a research-based method to construct knowledge can accelerate the knowledge capture critical for developing solutions to extremely challenging problems. This rapid R&D methodology enables a rapid acquisition of critical knowledge to understand potential failure modes of concepts in a set-based way. Thus, it enables intelligent decisions for the selection of the final concept as well as the continuous maturation of parallel concepts. The continuous, parallel maturation of multiple concepts enables effective off-ramps in the design process as requirements and new knowledge arise in the course of the development program, without incurring excessive rework, cost growth, and schedule creep. The goal of this paper is to describe a method that accelerates the generation of critical knowledge early in the conceptual design phase, as a way to close knowledge gaps quickly, and thus enable intelligent design decisions and concept selections early in the product development cycle. The methodological descriptions are illustrated with case examples from NASA technology development.
Keywords: knowledge gaps; R&D; Rapid product development; set-based design

Rapid Product Development in University-Industry Collaboration: Case Study of a Smart Design Project - Jari Jussila; Jukka Raitanen; Atte Partanen; Vesa Tuomela; Ville Siipola; Irma Kunnari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
University-industry collaboration aims at mutually beneficial knowledge and technology exchange between higher education and business. Prototyping new products is one sweet spot where industry can gain new valuable knowledge and understanding of technology, while higher education institutions develop the skills and competences of students by encouraging them to work on authentic real-life problems. From the “design thinking” perspective, rapid product development can be defined as the creation of new products, in the shortest timescales possible, that meet the criteria of desirability, feasibility, and viability. This article addresses rapid product development by presenting a case study of developing prototypes in university-industry collaboration. As a result, the study highlights key design principles, such as the importance of involving teachers, business representatives, and students in collaborative project design, of focusing on the customers or service users who will benefit from the design, and of guiding students participating in co-creation activities. Presenting conclusions for both academics and the industry, the article contributes to design thinking and rapid product development in university-industry collaboration.
Keywords: co-creation; Co-creation pedagogy; design thinking; Rapid product development; University-Industry Collaboration

The Role of Academics, Users, and Customers in Industrial Product Development - Leena Kunttu; Yrjö Neuvo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Industrial research and development (R&D) is often adopted as a leading strategy for innovation in high-technology firms. It has been recognized that collaboration with external actors has become increasingly crucial for R&D practices in a world where product and service innovation are increasingly challenging for companies involved in knowledge-intensive technology areas. Thus, high-technology firms are increasingly engaging in collaborative relationships with external stakeholders to transfer valuable new knowledge for industrial purposes, or to create new knowledge through a joint learning process. These external stakeholders may include research institutes such as universities, customer firms, or end users of the firm's products or services. Academic involvement in industrial innovation projects has traditionally focussed on the early stages of a product's development process, when new ideas and innovations are being developed. On the other hand, the interaction between a firm and its customers takes place during the final stages of the R&D process, when innovations are brought to market. In this paper, we explore how users and customers can be involved in university-industry collaboration projects from the beginning of the product development process. Based on a case study comprising five long-term university-industry collaborations in Finland, this paper presents collaborative practices through which academic actors, users, and industrial customers may actively take part in the industrial innovation processes.
Keywords: commercialization; customer involvement; stakeholder involvement; University-Industry Collaboration; user involvement

The Role of Analytics in Data-Driven Business Models of Multi-Sided Platforms: An exploration in the food industry - Diane Isabelle; Mika Westerlund; Mohnish Mane; Seppo Leminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
The collection and use of data play an increasingly important role in the growth and success of today’s digital multi-sided platforms (MSPs). However, many aspiring MSPs lack effective strategies for using data to establish a profitable data-driven business model (DDBM). This study explores how MSPs in the food industry can utilize data to develop such a DDBM. Based on an analysis of seven illustrative cases of high-growth MSPs, namely food delivery and meal kit providers, the study identifies eight factors that reveal the role of analytics in those firms’ DDBM, and further classifies them into three DDBM boosters. The findings contribute to our extant knowledge on MSPs and DDBM by addressing how digital platforms in the food industry can leverage big data to optimize their current business processes, predict future value of their product and service offerings, and develop their partnerships.

Seeking 'Strategy' in Business Intelligence Literature: Theorizing BI as part of strategy research - Yassine Talaoui; Marko Kohtamäki; Risto Rajala (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This paper connects the business intelligence (BI) literature with research in strategic management by plotting the existing research strands on BI: environmental scanning, competitive intelligence, executive information systems, and business intelligence, against the strategic dimensions of a) orientation (External vs. Internal), b) focus (Content vs. Process), and c) practice realms. The article accordingly offers a new re-conceptualization of BI as a strategic artifact across four strategic clusters: BI as a system, BI as a planned process, BI as a product, and BI as a decisional paradigm. This conceptual article contributes to the literature by integrating disparate views on BI and placing them within the content, process, and practice streams of strategy research.
Keywords: Business intelligence (BI); Conceptualization; definition.; literature review; strategy as practice; strategy content; strategy process; strategy realms

Selling Data-Based Value in Business-to-Business Markets - Tuija Rantala; Tiina Apilo; Katariina Palomäki; Katri Valkokari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
The purpose of this paper is to study what aspects a sales function needs to consider when selling new data-based value in business-to-business (B2B) markets. The paper combines literature on the business-to-business sales process with data-based value. The study includes altogether 29 qualitative interviews from eight companies, representing seller companies at different stages in big data utilization. In addition, the study includes customer perspectives with six interviews from four customer companies. As a result, selling new data-based value is studied from several perspectives. First, we evaluate the impacts of the generated new data-based value from the seller and the market perspective. Secondly, we study what sales representatives need to understand, both from the customer’s perspective, and in relation to data and digital solutions during the sales process. Thirdly, on the customer side, we explore the roles of “digitalist” and old-school buyers, and their effect on the sales process. Our research findings highlight the crucial understanding of customer business and knowledge about real-time data management, digital twins, and artificial intelligence (AI) when selling data-based solutions that create real-time data, recommendations, and value for a customer’s business.
Keywords: B2B sales; big data; business-to-business sales; data-based value; digital solutions; value sales

Social Acceptance of Wind Energy in Urban Landscapes - Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Although wind energy has high potential as a sustainable energy source to fight climate change, and the post COVID-19 world may require accelerated transition to renewable energy systems, many wind energy projects nevertheless face community resistance. Research on social acceptance of wind energy has increased rapidly, but understanding still lacks regarding the different types of acceptance, whether or not the acceptance correlates with demographics, and what drives acceptance of wind farms in the urban landscape. Our analysis of 2,376 residents in Helsinki, the capital of Finland, focused on the gaps in understanding and identified three groups of people: Protagonists, Centrists, and Antagonists. While Protagonists are highly positive about wind energy projects in the city, Antagonists oppose them, and Centrists adopt a middle-of-the-road approach. Further, three factors matter for social acceptance in urban landscapes: 1) distance, as residents prefer offshore wind farms to be farther away from the city's inhabitants, 2) gender, as women are more accepting of wind energy compared with men, and outright opponents of wind energy are more likely men, and 3) participation, as residents wish to participate in decision-making processes regarding wind farms, but lack interest in having ownership of and responsibility for wind energy projects. The study discusses the implications of these findings for developers and policymakers of wind energy projects in the urban context.
Keywords: city; clean energy; Social acceptance; sustainability; wind energy

Sustainability-related Communication Patterns on the Websites of European Top R&D Spenders - Giacomo Liotta; Stoyan Tanev; Andrea Gorra; Alicja Izabela Pospieszala (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Many firms struggle to incorporate "sustainability" into their operations in a way that can capture economic value and deliver social and environmental benefits. This article aims to answer two questions in this regard: (i) How do companies articulate the sustainability aspects of their businesses online, and (ii) In what ways does the degree of articulation of specific sustainability aspects relate to company performance metrics, such as sales and R&D expenditure. The research method measures the occurrences of a set of sustainability-related keywords on the websites of a sample of 387 firms that were ranked as top R&D spenders in Europe for 2013. We processed the keyword occurrences in a simplified version of latent semantic analysis based on the application of principal component analysis to identify the specific combinations of words used by companies to communicate sustainability issues on their websites. The results show that "sustainable innovation" and "sustainable operations" based on partnerships and cooperation represent a dominant part of companies' online communication strategies. One of the findings suggests a strong relationship between the communication of sustainable innovation aspects and sales, which offers a promising message to companies looking for evidence about the potential impact of their commitment to sustainable operations and innovation.
Keywords: business decision-making; online communication; online data collection; principal component analysis; R&D; research and development; sustainability; sustainable innovation

A Systematic Analysis of how Practitioners Articulate Business Models across Disruptive Industries - Alina Marie Herting; Alexander Lennart Schmidt (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Ongoing debates surround the role of business models in understanding the dynamics related to disruptive innovation. Too little is still known about how practitioners highlight different characteristics of business models across industries confronted with disruptive dynamics. This shortcoming in current debates hampers a better understanding of the context-dependent phenomenon of "disruption", ultimately limiting the development of adequate business strategies for incumbents and entrepreneurs alike. Consequently, we generated a systematic database of communicated business models from 1,095 relevant press releases and company reports published between 1995 and 2019. The business models from the retrieved articles were assigned to their corresponding industry using the Global Industry Categorization Standard (GICS) to allow for diverse categorization. Subsequently, we performed a deductive coding procedure, building on accepted business model component classifications. Our study contributes insights about relevant business model components, drawing on practitioner experiences in the face of disruptive dynamics.
Keywords: business model components; business models; content analysis; disruptive innovation; industries; secondary data

Technology Adaptation and Survival of SMEs: A Longitudinal Study of Developing Countries - Supriyo Das; Amit Kundu; Arabinda Bhattacharya (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
In the current era of internationalizing business activities and globalizating markets, technology has become an essential tool for enhancing market competitiveness. With globalization, a country's economic and business scenarios can change drastically. Many companies have seized on opportunities to pursue, and sometimes achieve economies of scale. Especially in some countries, however, the technological revolution creates significant challenges for small business entrepreneurs. Technological development plays a pivotal role in making small and medium enterprises (SMEs) competitive, as well as leading to sustainable growth. Under such circumstances, it is relevant to consider a country's technological environment for ways that can lead SMEs towards sustainable development. In the present study, we explore the impact of volatility in technological environments on the sustainability of SMEs in developing countries with emerging economies. We use the Global Competitive Index Report for the period 2012-2016, in which six parameters were applied to define the technological environment of developing nations. Two factors, namely, institutional capabilities and external capabilities emerged as significant factors according to factor analysis. We also studied the impact of emerging factors in new technological environments on the sustainability of SMEs in the specific time period using a regression analysis. The results indicate that both institutional capabilities and external capabilities become significant when time is taken as a selection variable. The highly significance of the time variable indicates the dynamism of today's technological environments. As well, institutional capabilities were found to have a strong impact on a business' sustainability, in comparison with external capabilities and the high level of technological volatility.
Keywords: developing countries; SME; sustainability; technological environment; technology readiness

A Triadic Actor View of Value Co-creation in Business Incubation - Ronald Beckett; John Dalrymple (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
In this paper we view an incubator as a service entity that may take different forms. We contribute to the literature by exploring the utility of the service-dominant logic (SDL) paradigm (Vargo & Lusch, 2016) to better understand incubation operations. Value co-creation is a central axiom of SDL, as is engagement with a supporting service ecosystem. Whilst some studies have considered dyadic incubator-client value creation arrangements, we extend this to include interaction with other service ecosystem stakeholders that we characterise as investors. This way a triadic interaction model is presented. We consider four different cases of a service entity supporting start-up development from this actor-oriented perspective. Adopting a client company perspective, we draw a parallel between various kinds of incubation services and department stores, where clients may access what they need when they need it from a variety of offerings, and obtain the assistance they require.
Keywords: co-working; incubators; investors; knowledge-sharing; service ecosystems; service entities; service-dominant logic; stakeholders; triadic relationships.; value co-creation

Trust, Transparency and Security in the Sharing Economy: What is the Government's Role? - Ruben D’Hauwers; Jacobus van der Bank; Mehdi Montakhabi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
To obtain access to goods or services between people or stakeholders, some collaboration between actors is a necessary component. Sharing and a sharing economy is closely related to trust. Within the context of 'the' sharing economy, especially digital trust is assumed to play a crucial role. Access to information is a crucial digital cue which can lead to trust yet, sharing economies are subject to asymmetry of information, wherein certain actors have limited access to market information on the consumption behaviour of users, the pricing of a product and, the reliability of peers. The lack of confidential market information between actors is thus limiting the potential for collaboration, as it reduces trust between them. Governments are amongst the (usually more trustworthy) candidates to undertake critical roles in enhancing the sharing of sensitive data. This paper aims to identify the role of government in facilitating and enabling data sharing between various actors in sharing economies. In this paper, we analyse the adequacy of a government's potential role in enabling transparency, trust and security, while operating within a sharing economy scenario, based on two case studies. Additionally, the role of technology is briefly defined for digital platforms and for blockchain-based opportunities for sharing economies. The use cases for the paper concern a digital platform for industrial symbioses, and peer-to-peer electricity trading based on blockchain technology.
Keywords: blockchain; government; network; P2P; peer-to-peer; sharing economy; trust

A Two-Staged Approach to Technology Entrepreneurship: Differential Effects of Intellectual Property Rights - Saurav Pathak; Etayankara Muralidharan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
In this article we examine how the strength of the intellectual property rights (IPR) regime drives technology entrepreneurship innovation (TEI) that comprise novel unfamiliar technological products and new business models, which in turn lead to new product-market combinations. We consider TEI to be a two-stage process that involves access and use of new technologies and technological resources by entrepreneurs. While stronger IPR may constrain easy availability of new technologies and technological resources for entrepreneurs, use of these leads to TEI. We suggest that stronger IPR regimes could lead to TEI and its positive effect is felt through easy accessibility of the latest technologies and technology resources by entrepreneurs. Our model contributes to the understanding of the effect of strong IPR regimes on the different stages of the innovation process.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; innovation; intellectual property rights; technology

Understanding Civic Crowdfunding as a Mechanism for Leveraging Civic Engagement and Urban Innovation - Bastiaan Baccarne; Tom Evens; Lieven De Marez (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This article studies the emergence of government-initiated civic crowdfunding platforms. Such platforms can be considered as governmental responses for bottom-up peer-to-peer support mechanisms related to urban innovation, which also allows top-down governance and governmental support systems for civic entrepreneurship. To better understand the implications of these innovative ICT-enabled interaction interfaces for collective urban innovation, this study investigates participation inequalities from the perspective of campaign instigators, using in-depth interviews (N=28), and from the perspective of the citizen-funder, using a survey (N=265). The analysis shows that urban crowdfunding practices mainly contribute to higher-level development of collective identities with increased neighborhood capacities. Although participation in such ICT-enabled interaction interfaces could reinforce digital inequalities and existing power balances, this research shows a more nuanced perspective, in which online and offline practices intertwine. Furthermore, while civic crowdfunding campaigns are driven by a traditional 'participation elite', the deliberation process on development projects involves new publics that are not typically engaged in civic activities. Hence, civic crowdfunding formulates a new mode of civic engagement in which institutional involvement acts as a trust broker between civic funders and civic entrepreneurs, as well as adding legitimacy to innovation processes in the public sphere.
Keywords: Civic crowdfunding; Civic engagement; Civic entrepreneurship; Civic identity; Digital citizenship; Participation inequalities; Peer-to-peer economy; Social cohesion; Urban innovation

Understanding the Strategy-Innovation Link in an Era of Disruptions - Karl Breunig; Tale Skjølsvik (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Whereas innovation and strategy traditionally are treated as two separate fields of expertise and research, this conceptual paper aims to identify how strategy theory can be linked to recent developments within the innovation field. Innovation research seeks to explain the process of creating new products and services. Strategy research, in turn, intends to explain how businesses create lasting competitive advantages. In recent years, research in strategy has shifted towards explaining how organizational capabilities and environmental turbulence are related, increasingly recognizing that it is difficult to retain sustainable competitive advantages, unless market dynamics and business renewal are addressed. To establish a systematic integration and analysis, we present the results of an extensive literature review of 1,268 research articles published between 2007-2017 to address the question: To what degree, and how, have strategy and innovation been linked in leading management journals? Our analysis reveals that research addressing both strategy and innovation is limited, but highly cited. Moreover, we identify 5 main themes, which in turn reflected 12 subsidiary themes addressed in extant research. These themes combine to give important insights about the research that been done and what is likely to be needed going forward.
Keywords: Conceptual research; disruption; organizational capabilities; strategy-innovation link.; structured literature review

Using Foresight to Shape Future Expectations in Circular Economy SMEs - Anne-Mari Järvenpää; Iivari Kunttu; Mikko Mäntyneva (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
Future foresight in business plays a central role in firms’ strategic planning, innovation, and product development activities. This is particularly true for the firms that are operating in rapidly changing business environments, in which a firm may obtain significant competitive advantages by coming up with new innovations and customer solutions. This article studies future foresight mechanisms and practices in innovative SMEs operating in circular economy–related industries. The future demands set by legislation and regulation, consumer buying behaviour, and environmental consciousness, all have a strong impact on an SME’s future horizon, in which there may be prosperous business opportunities as well as several challenges. This paper presents a qualitative case study conducted on seven Finnish circular economy-oriented SMEs. The case study reveals that the SMEs in this industrial sector are quite active in foresight activities, and that they have developed a variety of practices for effectively utilizing foresight information in their product development and strategic planning activities.
Keywords: circular economy; foresight; innovation; PESTEL; SMEs

Values and Practices behind Collaborative Childcare in Knowledge-based Organizations - Gianluca Schiavo; Chiara Leonardi; Massimo Zancanaro (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
New forms of socializing care that leverage community networks and are based on alternative social arrangements are being experimented with in different grassroots contexts. They are being framed as innovative practices to facilitate the integration of professional and caring responsibilities. In this changing landscape, the private sector might benefit from new forms of welfare policies and family-friendly practices that are based on the co-participation of employees, and encouraged by public policies targeting workplace solutions for childcare. This paper intends to contribute to the ongoing debate on socio-technical innovation in management by exploring how collaborative childcare services might be deployed in workplace settings. At the same time, it investigates the role of digital technology in facilitating employees' engagement and participation.
Keywords: Collaborative workplace practices; Employee participation; Grounded design.; Sharing networks; Work-life balance

Visioning Business Model Innovation for Emerging 5G Mobile Communications Networks - Sara Moqaddamerad (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
The purpose of this research is to introduce and apply a novel approach for developing business model innovation. It shows step-by-step how to envision and create business model innovation activities. The data was collected through a case study of a European provider of technical services in the electricity and telecommunications network industry, which is coping with the uncertainty and complexity of emerging fifth generation mobile communications networks (5G) and subsequently the transformation of telecom markets. This paper contributes to the intersection of strategic foresight and business model innovation by synthesizing existing knowledge and in-depth case evidence to demonstrate how business model innovation is developed in the context of emerging disruptive technologies using future-oriented methods.

What are the Challenges of Building a Smart City? - Haven Allahar (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
The recent emergence of the concept of 'smart cities' presents challenges to city administrators for planning, managing, and governing modern cities in the digital age. Research on smart cities tends to focus on the attributes of cities at a more developed stage, instead this article departs from that trend by discussing an aspiring smart city in a small-island developing country. The purpose of the study is to examine the steps required for building a smart city against a background of the concept of smart cities, taken in the context of an empirical study of an aspiring small smart city. The main finding is that there is no single route to becoming a smart city, but rather there are critical steps that can be adopted as part of a building process for achieving that objective. This work adds value in presenting a way to synthesize the smart city concept with empirical work involving one small smart city's aspirations and achievements. The article fills a partial gap in the smart city literature and has implications for aspiring city administrators, smart city builders, persons concerned with the application of ICT to address city challenges, as well as for students of urban planning, development, and management.
Keywords: building smart cities; ICT and smart cities; Smart cities concept; smart city case studies; smart city initiatives

What impedes the success of late mover IT clusters despite economically favorable environments? A case study of an Indian IT cluster - Harini Mittal; Punit Saurabh; Devang Rohit; Kathak Mehta (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
The Information Technology (IT) industry in India, is one of the major contributors to the country’s growth story. It is organized in a few strong and dominant clusters across the country. Recent research focuses on the emergence, growth and success of the seven big IT clusters that account for 96.55% of total software exports from the country. Unlike the six successful late mover clusters, there are several other late mover IT clusters that have not experienced similar growth. Why do some of the late mover IT clusters in India succeed while others fail to take off despite favorable economic conditions? This paper applies a case study method to answer this research question by examining a single cluster, using both primary and secondary data. The paper concludes with a new framework to explain how an IT cluster lacks the motivation to succeed when it has to gain traction alongside the competing dynamics of traditional businesses. We find this to be the case more so when traditional businesses are thriving and growing.
Keywords: Gujarat State; Indian IT industry; IT clusters; Knowledge Innovation clusters; technology

What Makes Value Propositions Distinct and Valuable to New Companies Committed to Scale Rapidly? - Tony Bailetti; Stoyan Tanev; Christian Keen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
One of the most valuable resources a company owns is the "portfolio of value propositions" to its diverse external stakeholders, such as customers, investors, and resource owners. In this article, we fill a gap in the value proposition literature by identifying features that make the value propositions of new companies different from other resources, along with factors that make them valuable. A value proposition is conceived as being what enables and improves business transactions between a new company and external stakeholders. We reason that two features in particular make value propositions of new companies distinct: (1) business transactions between a new company and one or more external stakeholders, and (2) investments to create and improve a new company's value propositions that enable business transactions. We provide a definition of "value proposition" and postulate that a value proposition will benefit a new company when it: (1) strengthens the new company's capabilities to scale; (2) increases demand for the new company's products and services; and (3) increases the number, diversity, and rapidity of external investments in the new company's value proposition portfolio.
Keywords: new company; scaling company value; scaling-up; value proposition; value proposition alignment

Which Factors Influence a Company’s Evaluation of the Contribution of Basic Research to Innovation? - Hiromi S. Nagane; Koichi Sumikura (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2020)
This paper empirically analyses how individuals in companies evaluate the contributions of basic research by universities and public research institutes to industry from multiple perspectives: manager as a spokesperson of the company (science-based industry or others), position within the company (managers or inventors), affiliations of inventors (large pharmaceutical companies or biotech start-ups), and educational background. This paper focuses on the case of Japan. Questionnaire surveys were sent to managers and inventors in established companies and start-ups across several industries. This study found that, 1) the more science-oriented the company, the higher their managers evaluate academic research, 2) inventors evaluate academic research more highly than managers, 3) inventors from biotech start-ups evaluate academic research more highly than inventors from large companies in the pharmaceutical industry, and 4) the more advanced their educational background, the more highly inventors evaluate academic research. This study suggests that 'closeness to science' is an important factor for companies to evaluate contributions of basic research to innovation. The findings also suggest that problems within the current educational system are an indirect cause of the innovation crisis in Japan.
Keywords: Basic research; Biotech start-ups; innovation; Pharmaceutical companies; University and Public research institute

The 3S Process: A Framework for Teaching AI Strategy in Business Education - Navneet Bhalla (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
A gap has emerged in teaching artificial intelligence (AI) in business education, where a style of curriculum based on strategy is missing. This article presents a new framework, the 3S Process, as a method for teaching leaders how to strategically adopt AI within their organizations. At a high-level, the 3S Process consists of three stages (Story, Strategy, and Solution), which are described in detail in the article. Stage 1: Story in the process is inspired by the Harvard Case Method to provide context for a problem. Stage 2: Strategy uses Design Thinking to produce candidate solutions. The substage of Empathy in Design Thinking plays a crucial role to reduce bias in designing AI. Virtualization technology is a tool for students to experience hands-on learning in prototype development. Stage 3: Solution is where students advocate for their conceptual AI solution in the context of the case study. AI is a type of complex system; therefore, students should consider feedback loops and the potential for unintended biases to enter a deployed solution. The presentation of the 3S Process in this article is conceptual. Further empirical studies, including evaluations of the 3S Process in classroom settings, will be considered in the future.
Keywords: 3S Process; artificial intelligence; Business Education; design thinking; Harvard Case Method

Alliances in Financial Ecosystems: A Source of Organizational Legitimacy for Fintech Startups and Incumbents - Christopher Svensson; Jakob Udesen; Jane Webb (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Financial ecosystems are transforming around new financial technology, or “fintech”. As such ecosystems transform, the basis for being seen as legitimate also changes for all actors. Thus, alliances between actors within financial ecosystems are increasingly formed to help gain, maintain, and repair organizational legitimacy. From interviews with fintech startups in Sweden and with venture capitalist firms investing in fintech startups in Sweden, we explore the intertwined quests for organizational legitimacy in a transforming financial ecosystem. As Swedish fintech startups seek to establish a sense of their legitimacy, simultaneously incumbents seek to maintain and repair their organizational legitimacy. Adopting a legitimacy-based view of strategic alliances, we set out the aspects of organizational legitimacy that incumbents and fintech startups look for in a potential partner and how these aspects meet the legitimacy needs of each partner. We argue that alliances further enhance the organizational legitimacy of both fintech startups and incumbents.
Keywords: financial ecosystems; fintech startups; organizational legitimacy; relational perspective; strategic alliances

Applying a Living Lab Approach Within an eHealth Accelerator - Lotta Haukipuro; Satu Väinämö; Leena Arhippainen; Timo Ojala (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Through this study, we seek to understand the impact of the use of the living lab approach on product and business development in an eHealth accelerator. In the case accelerator, 20 startups developed innovative products atop the European FIWARE Future Internet technology platform. The novel design element of the case accelerator was the use of the living lab approach that was included for the purpose of engaging end users in the development and testing of new product prototypes. Our main result is that the living lab approach provided added value to participating companies and resulted in changes in their product development and marketing strategies. Overall, the case accelerator and the use of the living lab approach had a significant impact on the development, growth, and market success of the companies. Based on the results of the case accelerator, we propose the generic accelerator model presented by Pauwels and co-authors in 2016 to be extended with a new design element, the living lab approach.
Keywords: accelerator; case study; ehealth; Living lab; Open innovation; SME; startup

Are High-Tech Companies More Competitive Than Others? An Empirical Study of Innovative and Exporting French SMEs - Manon Enjolras; Mauricio Camargo; Christophe Schmitt (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The main objective of this research work is to question the relationship between the technological intensity of SMEs (defined by the share of R&D expenditure in turnover, according to the OECD) and their growth potential (defined by their innovation and export capabilities). Through a multiple case study conducted with a panel of nine French SMEs, and through an analysis combining a qualitative approach (illustrative cases study) and a quantitative one (multidimensional statistical methods), several hypotheses were tested. Finally, this study points out that technological intensity, as defined by the OECD, is not directly correlated with the growth potential of SMEs. On the other hand, a company’s technological intensity would have an impact on the way it manages its innovation and internationalization process, and thus the way it manages its internal practices.
Keywords: export; innovation; multiple-case study; SMEs; technological intensity

Artificial Intelligence for Innovation in Austria - Erich Prem (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
It has been claimed that Artificial Intelligence (AI) carries enormous potential for service and product innovation. Policy makers world-wide nowadays aim to foster environments conducive for AI-based innovation. This paper addresses the current lack of empirical data for evidence-based innovation policies and the management of AI-based innovation. It focuses on “AI and innovation management” in addressing the question whether innovation that is based on new AI technology requires a management approach different from other forms of IT innovation. We present results from a study of Austrian companies on the degree of use and implementation of AI, and on challenges related to AI-based innovation management. This study used a keyword-list approach to define “Artificial Intelligence” and to find AI-based innovation projects in research databases. These projects facilitated the identification of experts from organisations developing AI-based innovation. In total, eleven experts were interviewed about their AI-based innovation activities. The results show that AI is a very fast emerging technology that is being applied in many sectors. A broad range of innovative solutions are being developed and some have already reached the market. Specific AI business models are, however, less clear and still developing. Companies are facing multiple challenges from regulation to human resources and data collection. Managing AI-based innovation will be particularly difficult for smaller enterprises, where problems are often more pronounced than in larger industries. Explicit challenges for managing AI-based innovations include the necessary attention to managing expectations and ensuring historic metadata expertise essential for many AI-based solutions. Policies to support AI-based innovation therefore should focus on human aspects. This includes increasing the availability of AI experts, but also concerns the development of new job profiles, such as experts in AI training. AI innovators also require clear AI regulation and research investments in key challenges, such as explainable AI.
Keywords: AI; AI innovation management; artificial intelligence; Austria; innovation; SME

Beyond the Hype: A Bibliometric Analysis Deconstructing Research on Digitalization - Andrea Holand; Silje Svadberg; Karl Joachim Breunig (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The accelerating emergent field of research addressing digitalization and related topics is complex, unstructured and hyped. Consequently, both research and practice lack a rigorous foundation of prior published research to underpin and direct future exploration into the opportunities and challenges provided by these exciting new digital technologies. This study employed a bibliometric analysis to explore extant published research within the digitalization field. We identified key articles that have enabled us to distinguish between interrelated digitalization concepts. Subsequently, we propose a taxonomy with characteristics for different levels of digitalization. The taxonomy contributes dimensions that create different commercial and organizational opportunities and challenges at various levels. The taxonomy offers a vantage point for subsequent empirical and conceptual research to extend insights on related digitalization themes, and especially those related to innovation and strategy decisions on scalability, automation, channel selection and connectivity.

Bridging Participatory Policy Trends and Research Traditions through Social Innovation - Malin Lindberg; Daniel Hallencreutz; Anna Tengqvist (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
This study explores whether social innovation may serve as a bridge between participatory policy trends and research traditions when striving for improved societal relevance and impact of research and innovation (R&I). Despite their shared aim of relevance and impact through civic involvement, European R&I policies and participatory action research approaches seldom refer to each other or harness each other’s resources. The study advances the knowledge regarding how the participatory elements in the policies and research approaches relate through a participatory case study of a joint R&I process to develop a model for social innovation support in Sweden. The case study helps distinguish potential synergies between various degrees of involvement advocated in the policies and research approaches, as well as between the reliance on trending policy concepts vs. scientific notions of validity. Social innovation is perceived as a potential bridge between these elements, as it draws upon participatory academic traditions, while simultaneously tapping into current policy trends of co-creation, in the development of new approaches and solutions to societal challenges.
Keywords: action research; co-creation; innovation; participatory research; social innovation

Business Model Architecture by Design - Ronald C. Beckett; John Dalrymple (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
In this article, we view business models as complex deal-making activity systems organized to create, deliver, and capture value. Unlike some other viewpoints, we emphasize both system components and their interconnection. Business activities are carried out by a network of actors drawing on a network of resources, and individual firms seek to configure these intersecting networks to enhance their competitive positioning. The business model literature refers to the significance of antecedent activities in providing context – opportunities the firm decides to pursue, the strategy adopted, and requisite capabilities. Drawing on this literature, we propose an approach to framing business model context. Drawing on the information systems literature, we identify a toolkit facilitating activity system architecture design. We suggest how this both draws out the underlying complexity of a business model and shows how a multiplicity of views makes sense.
Keywords: activity theory; architecture; business model; business networks; design; dynamic capabilities; ISO/IEC 42010; multiple viewpoints; relationship matrix; strategy; Zachman framework

Choosing an Outlet for Action Research: Publication Patterns in Innovation Journals - Magnus Hoppe (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
With the aim to help innovation researchers choose outlets for articles based on participatory and action research methods, this article describes and discusses publication patterns of action research. A bibliographic study of 33 innovation journals ranked 4, 3, 2, and 1 in the 2018 Academic Journal Guide is complemented by a case study of this journal, the Technology Innovation Management Review, as an example of an established open access journal in the field with a wider scope and target group. From these two studies, we learn that the overall trend is towards more publications of action research articles in a diversity of outlets. Indirectly, the study supports the general view that articles striving towards adding practical relevance to research are becoming more frequent. There is no support for the notion that more renowned and higher-ranked journals would be more hesitant to accept articles with action research methods. The study also notes that there are interesting outlets beside those highly ranked and indexed in more conventional ways. The conclusion reached is that we lack a clear answer to the question of what are the best outlets for those of us who are interested in both innovation and action research. Instead, the study invites us to reflect upon what kind of impact we want to have and then act accordingly.
Keywords: action research; bibliography; case study; innovation; journals; participative; participatory action research

Conceptualizing a New Domain Using Topic Modeling and Concept Mapping: A Case Study of Managed Security Services for Small Businesses - Michael Weiss; Steven Muegge (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The objective of this paper is to show how topic modeling and concept mapping can be used to conduct a literature review in a new domain. The paper makes two contributions. First, it uses topic modeling to map out the literature in the new domain. Topic modeling provides an alternative to manual clustering of articles and allows the identification of non-obvious connections between ideas expressed in a collection of articles. Second, it identifies the underlying concepts in the new domain and their relationships by creating a concept map from the extracted topics . As a case study, the paper reviews the recent literature in the intersection of managed security services and small businesses. In particular, it identifies elements of the managed security services concept as it applies to small businesses. The audience of the paper includes anyone who is exploring a new domain by reviewing the literature, and in particular, students, researchers, and members of industrial R&D projects.

Connected Health Innovation: Data Access Challenges in the Interface of AI Companies and Hospitals - Laura Kemppainen; Minna Pikkarainen; Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen; Jarmo Reponen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and potential solutions regarding data access for innovation in the realm of connected health. Theoretically, our study combines insights from data management and innovation network orchestration studies, taking thereby a new approach into issues that have emerged in these research streams. Empirically, we study these issues in the context of a development endeavor involving an AI-driven surgery journey solution in collaboration with hospitals and companies. Our study indicates that the challenges and solutions in data access can be categorised according to the level where they emerge: individual, organisational, and institutional. Depending on the level, the challenges require solutions to be searched from different categories. While solutions are generally still scarce, organizational level solutions seem The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and potential solutions regarding data access for innovation in the realm of connected health. Theoretically, our study combines insights from data management and innovation network orchestration studies, taking thereby a new approach into issues that have emerged in these research streams. Empirically, we study these issues in the context of a development endeavor involving an AI-driven surgery journey solution in collaboration with hospitals and companies. Our study indicates that the challenges and solutions in data access can be categorised according to the level where they emerge: individual, organisational, and institutional. Depending on the level, the challenges require solutions to be searched from different categories. While solutions are generally still scarce, organizational level solutions seem to hold wide-ranging potential in addressing many challenges. By discussing these dynamics, this paper provides new knowledge for academics and practitioners on the challenges and solutions for data access and management in networked contexts. The greatest challenges among healthcare providers and health technology companies lay on uncertainties and interpretations concerning regulation, data strategy, and guidelines. Creating guidelines for data use and access in a hospital can be a first step to creating connected health innovations in collaboration with AI companies. For their part, these companies need to put effort into gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes and standards in healthcare context. Our paper is one of the first to combine data management and innovation network orchestration literatures, and to provide empirical evidence on data access related issues in this setting.to hold wide-ranging potential in addressing many challenges. By discussing these dynamics, this paper provides new knowledge for academics and practitioners on the challenges and solutions for data access and management in networked contexts. The greatest challenges among healthcare providers and health technology companies lay on uncertainties and interpretations concerning regulation, data strategy, and guidelines. Creating guidelines for data use and access in a hospital can be a first step to creating connected health innovations in collaboration with AI companies. For their part, these companies need to put effort into gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes and standards in healthcare context. Our paper is one of the first to combine data management and innovation network orchestration literatures, and to provide empirical evidence on data access related issues in this setting.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; connected health; Data access; data management; governance; information mobility; innovation; orchestration; patient- centered

Design Rules for ‘Triple Helix’ Organizations - Ben Dankbaar (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The image of the triple helix with three forces spiraling around each other has proven to be a powerful and inspiring image of the collaboration between government, business, and academia. The partners in such collaborative arrangements no doubt share an interest in making the collaboration successful. However, they also have specific interests and goals of their own. Too many triple helix arrangements have failed, because they did not consider this basic fact. Achieving their own goals is not necessarily the intention with which partners enter the collaborative effort, but they may well end up following this strategy. We start this paper with a brief description of what can be considered a typical case of ‘successful failure’ in a triple helix organization. We then review the literature regarding reasons for success or failure of triple helix organizations. We find that transparency and credible sanctions for self-interested behaviour are important requirements for successful triple helix arrangements. We then use notions from cybernetics and organizational design to develop basic rules for the design of triple helix arrangements. Basically, these rules and arrangements aim to ensure that self-interest and common purpose will concur.
Keywords: design rules; leadership; motivation; sanctions; triple helix

Digital Payments: Impact Factors and Mass Adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa - Leigh Soutter; Kenzie Ferguson; Michael Neubert (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
This study explores impact factors that affect the adoption of digital payment systems in sub-Saharan Africa. In this article, we investigate the impact factors that subject-matter experts consider most important to the success of FinTech payment models. The data and their responses are evaluated through the lens of Christensen’s market-creation theory, which contends that the adoption of market-creating innovations by a mass swathe of heretofore non-consumers “pulls” framework conditions into place, including missing infrastructure and enabling regulation. Then, we compare the findings with the literature and three case studies of mobile money adoption in Kenya, South Africa, and Nigeria. This study addresses a gap in the literature regarding the payment and money transfer segment of FinTech innovations in Africa using a multiple case study methodology. We drew together information from multiple sources, including semi-structured interviews, archival data in the form of industry and regulatory reports, and observational field notes. Our findings suggest that enabling environments (Kenya) do jumpstart adoption and difficult frameworks (Nigeria) do evolve. This study will help FinTech innovators, academics, and policymakers to understand how technology and framework conditions impact payment business models in Africa.
Keywords: adoption; blockchain; FinTech; mobile money; non-consumption; payments; sub-Saharan Africa

Digital User Involvement in a Multi-Context Living Lab Environment - Lotta Haukipuro; Satu Väinämö (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
This article provides new knowledge on the long-term use and value of a digital user involvement tool as a part of a living lab particularly in ICT, health and public service development contexts. Research has been carried out within the authentic living lab environment in 2011–2018. Empirical evidence is gathered from case living lab digital user involvement platform and activities conducted in multiple contexts. The primary source of information are the 70 in-depth interviews with the customer companies, public organizations and other stakeholders. The digital user community and user involvement tool-specific value for the development of products and services are a fast, easy and efficient user involvement regardless of time and location, tailored online methods based on the need of the customer, and the richness and quality of the end-user feedback.
Keywords: Digital user involvement; living lab.; user community

A Discipline-Spanning Overview of Action Research and Its Implications for Technology and Innovation Management - Matthias Guertler; Nathalie Sick; Anton Kriz (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The iterative and learning character of action research is particularly beneficial for exploring complex socio-technical problems in technology and innovation management (TIM). In this respect, action research allows both rigorous and relevant research due to parallel solving of real-world problems, capability building, and gaining scientific insights. However, the use of action research within TIM research is surprisingly limited. Action research also is not a homogeneous research methodology since each research discipline, such as education and organizational science, has its own action research streams, which are often only loosely linked. A systematic overview of those action research traditions and specific best practices is still missing, which complicates a systematic transfer and use of action research in TIM. This article addresses this essential gap by building a cross-disciplinary overview of action research streams based on a bibliometric analysis using Scopus. The analysis includes relevant disciplines with action research traditions, their development over time, and the most influential journals, authors, institutions, and countries. Along with this discipline-spanning analysis, the article investigates particular TIM benefits and challenges of action research. The two key contributions of this article are: 1) a discipline-spanning overview of action research and its evolution and 2) an analysis of its implications for TIM research. These contributions build the basis for strengthening the use of action research in TIM. In the medium-term, action research has the capacity to link academia and industry more closely and, in doing so, assists important endeavours of translating more of our research outcomes into practice.
Keywords: action research; bibliometrics; discipline-spanning analysis; literature review; technology and innovation management

The Ecosystem Knowledge Explorer: A Tool to Systematically Discover External Knowledge - Behrooz Khademi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
It is crucial for any organization to discover knowledge from ecosystem-specific sources of knowledge that are considered external to the organization. Since knowledge exploration is a resource-intensive task for organizations, untimely or excessive knowledge exploration have detrimental impacts on the innovativeness and competitiveness of organizations. The benefits of performance measurement and management tools for knowledge management in organizations have been known for many years now. Therefore, the application of similar tools in ecosystems may enable actors to have access to valuable external knowledge. However, there is a paucity of such tools in management scholarship. The purpose of this study is to bridge this gap by proposing a conceptual tool – the Ecosystem Knowledge (EK) Explorer, which generates insightful knowledge for ecosystem actors using codified technical knowledge (e.g., scientific publications and patents). Not only does the EK Explorer reduce the uncertainty and fuzziness of the knowledge exploration phase for ecosystem actors, it also enables them to save resources and have access to strategic knowledge regarding competition, collaboration, technology management, and policy making in ecosystems. Bibliometric analysis, social network analysis, and text mining were used to conceptualize the constructs and measurable variables of the EK Explorer.
Keywords: ecosystem; knowledge management; performance measurement; social network analysis; text mining

Editorial: Action Research (April 2019) - Chris McPhee; Magnus Hoppe; Erik Lindhult (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: action research; innovation; participative; participatory research

Editorial: Action Research (May 2019) - Chris McPhee; Magnus Hoppe; Erik Lindhult (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: action research; innovation; participative; participatory research

Editorial: Artificial Intelligence and Innovation Management (December 2019) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)

Editorial: Celebrating Innovation in Florence (October 2019) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: behavioural economics; behavioural science; bibliometric analysis; business models; Buyer-Supplier Relationships; choice architecture; collaboration; consumer-to-business; Content creator-based business models; content creators; creativity management; digital platforms; digital technologies; digital transformation; Digital user involvement; digitalization; digitization; disruption; e-commerce; human-centered data economy; IIoT; Industry 4.0; innovation; innovation policy; intellectual commerce; Living lab; mission-led science; multisided platforms; personal data; research impact; social commerce; Supplier Integration; taxonomy; user-generated content

Editorial: Innovation for Global and Local Impact (August 2019) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: ISPIM,

Editorial: Insights (February 2019) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: digital innovation; digital transformation; innovation; innovation ecosystems; management; sharing economy; technology

Editorial: Insights (July 2019) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: accelerators; adoption; Africa; architecture; business ecosystems; business models; design; digital payments; entrepreneurship; incubators; Innovation management; ISPIM; knowledge management

Editorial: Insights (June 2019) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: action research; development projects; digitization; innovation; management innovation; women entrepreneurs; women managers

Editorial: Insights (November 2019) - Stoyan Tanev; Gregory Sandstrom (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: artificial intelligence; competitive advantage; cybersecurity; deep learning; Deepfake; design rules; digitalization; entrepreneurial ecosystems; entrepreneurial university; entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship education; fake news; innovation; international entrepreneurship; leadership; Learning Capabilities; marketing; motivation; new venture teams; quadruple helix; sanctions; SMEs; teamwork; triple helix; university business incubation

Editorial: Living Labs (March 2019) - Chris McPhee; Anna Ståhlbröst; Abdolrasoul Habibipour; Mari Runardotter; Diana Chronéer (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: accelerators; business models; frameworks; innovation; living labs; Open innovation; stakeholders; sustainability; tools; UN Sustainable Development Goals; urban living labs

Editorial: Smart Cities (September 2019) - Iivari Kunttu (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)

Editorial: Technology Commercialization and Entrepreneurship (January 2019) - Chris McPhee; Ferran Giones; Dev K. Dutta (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: commercialization; digitalization; e-leadership; entrepreneurship; framework; innovation; internationalization; legitimacy; management; SMEs; startups; technology; technology intensity; ventures

The Effect of Digitalization on the Commercialization Process of High-Technology Companies in the Life Sciences Industry - Saheed A. Gbadegeshin (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
This article examines how digitalization influences the commercialization of high technologies in the life sciences industry. It is based on a cross-case study focused on pharmaceutical, medical device, and e-health companies in Finland. Both company representatives and regional stakeholders were interviewed. The findings suggest that “digitalization” needs to be distinguished from “digitization” because both terms seem to be misused or used interchangeably. The findings also show that digitalization led to a concurrent implementation of commercialization processes. Furthermore, the findings revealed that digitalization positively influenced commercialization activities, especially information sourcing and management, various assessments, and official activities, big data creation, and activity routinization. It was also revealed that the creation of new sets of big data and fear of digital attacks are negative influences on digitalization. These findings make a theoretical contribution to the discourses on digitalization and commercialization, but they also provide insights for scientists, engineers, and life science companies.
Keywords: commercialization process; digitalization; Finland; life sciences

E-Leadership in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Developing World - Maksim Belitski; Bain Liversage (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the economies of many developing countries. A critical challenge faced by SME leaders, as digitization continues, is how to adopt digital technologies to create value and enable faster product commercialization. There is a paucity of empirical research examining how e-leadership in SMEs drives technology and new product commercialization processes in the developing world. In this study, we have broadened the notion of what constitutes e-leadership, from the perspective of how advanced information technologies affect the leadership dynamic and the appropriation of advanced information technologies. Although there have been several studies on leading technologies in developed countries, we focus on developing an e-leadership framework for SMEs in developing economies. Using this framework and five selection criteria, we conducted 11 interviews with a sample of successful SMEs selected from a pool of 2,240 firms in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. We conclude by highlighting the five key findings of this study, which explain how SMEs can develop effective e-leadership to foster commercialization and improve firm performance.
Keywords: commercialization; developing country; digital technology; e-leadership; small- and medium-sized enterprises; SMEs

Elon Musk and SpaceX: A Case Study of Entrepreneuring as Emancipation - Steven Muegge; Ewan Reid (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Elon Musk and SpaceX are central to the profound change underway in the space industry, opening up the sector to entrepreneurship and innovation by non-traditional new entrants. We employ the emancipation perspective on entrepreneuring as a theoretical lens to describe, explain, and interpret the entrepreneuring activities of Musk to launch and grow SpaceX. Applying an event study approach combining case methods and process theory methods on publicly-available sources, we develop six examples of seeking autonomy, seven examples of authoring, and four examples of making declarations—the three core elements of the emancipation perspective. Our work contributes to the theory and practice of innovation by adding to the corpus of descriptive case studies that examine entrepreneuring as an emancipatory process.
Keywords: Elon Musk,

Embedded Master’s Students Conduct Highly Relevant Research Using Industry as Their Laboratory - Kristin Falk; Gerrit Muller (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
This article analyzes participatory action research conducted by Systems Engineering master’s students embedded fifty percent in industrial companies for three years. The resulting papers authored by these students identify challenges and effective practices suitable for knowledge transfer between industry and academia. The analysis covers 181 completed master’s projects, with a detailed analysis of 40 papers that have been published in international conferences and journals. The publication rate of about 23% shows that these students contribute actively to the body of Systems Engineering knowledge. This study analyzes master’s projects at three levels – industrial problem and drivers; Systems Engineering methods; and research method feasibility – and provides valuable lessons learned by applying the industry-as-laboratory approach. Embedding students in industry has resulted in publications that do not suffer from the main challenges of participatory research such as delays, repeatability, and only action and not research. These insights are valuable both for industry and for academia in future work to enhance innovations.
Keywords: action research; energy; experimental learning; industrial knowledge; industry as laboratory; innovations; knowledge transfer; lessons learned; master project; master’s students; participatory research; situated learning; systems engineering; systems of systems

The Emergence of Deepfake Technology: A Review - Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Novel digital technologies make it increasingly difficult to distinguish between real and fake media. One of the most recent developments contributing to the problem is the emergence of deepfakes which are hyper-realistic videos that apply artificial intelligence (AI) to depict someone say and do things that never happened. Coupled with the reach and speed of social media, convincing deepfakes can quickly reach millions of people and have negative impacts on our society. While scholarly research on the topic is sparse, this study analyzes 84 publicly available online news articles to examine what deepfakes are and who produces them, what the benefits and threats of deepfake technology are, what examples of deepfakes there are, and how to combat deepfakes. The results suggest that while deepfakes are a significant threat to our society, political system and business, they can be combatted via legislation and regulation, corporate policies and voluntary action, education and training, as well as the development of technology for deepfake detection, content authentication, and deepfake prevention. The study provides a comprehensive review of deepfakes and provides cybersecurity and AI entrepreneurs with business opportunities in fighting against media forgeries and fake news.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; cybersecurity; deep learning; Deepfake; fake news

Employee-Driven Innovation: An Intervention Using Action Research - Mats Holmquist; Anna Johansson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
This article describes an intervention to design and test a method for employee-driven innovation and a model for learning among managers and development leaders. The empirical basis for the intervention focused on personal assistants in the home service within a municipality in Sweden. The intervention was carried out using action research in on a series of workshops with a group of employees, managers, development leaders. Using a “stage” and “stands” theatre metaphor, employees engaged in collective, innovative learning “on the stage” combined with observations and reflections from managers and development leaders “in the stands”. This article contributes a method that can generate creative ideas among the employees and a model that can stimulate experience-based learning through observations. The intervention also shows that action research can be used to develop and test methods and models.
Keywords: development; dialogue; ideas; learning; organizational innovation

Escaping the ‘Faster Horses’ Trap: Bridging Strategic Foresight and Design-Based Innovation - Adam Gordon; Rene Rohrbeck; Jan Schwarz (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Design thinking is inherently and invariably oriented towards the future in that all design is for products, services or events that will exist in the future, and be used by people in the future. This creates an overlap between the domains of design thinking and strategic foresight. A small but significant literature has grown up in the strategic foresight field as to how design thinking may be used to improve its processes. This paper considers the other side of the relationship: how methods from the strategic foresight field may advance design thinking, improving insight into the needs and preferences of users of tomorrow, including how contextual change may suddenly and fundamentally reshape these. A side-by-side comparison of representative models from each field is presented, and it is shown how these may be assembled together to create a foresight-informed design thinking process.
Keywords: design thinking,

Exploring Participation Needs and Motivational Requirements When Engaging Older Adults in an Emerging Living Lab - Tiziana C. Callari; Louise Moody; Janet Saunders; Gill Ward; Nikki Holliday; Julie Woodley (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
There is a growing body of literature regarding living labs, which are seen as an effective way to develop and evaluate research for novel products and services with the actual end users. With growth in the living labs model, there is an increasing need for guidelines to steer and support the set-up and maintenance of initiatives, and to facilitate relationships and engagement with stakeholders and users in this context. This study seeks to address this need, in part, by exploring the needs, expectations, and motivations that older adults have in relation to research participation in an emerging living lab. This work is part of a wider research project to develop an integrated framework to guide emerging living labs. Eight semi-structured interviews were undertaken with six residents and two family members from two residential settings for older adults that were collaborating to establish a living lab environment. A concept-driven coding frame supported the coding and analysis of the interview transcripts. The results provide insights in relation to participant motivation to take part in research, and they identify some issues of concern for participants, both residents and family members, related to living lab initiatives. As a first step in developing a successful living lab culture of collaborative research, this study has demonstrated that open discussion with residents and their families should continue to guide processes and research design as the emerging living lab initiative continues.
Keywords: family views; Living lab; motivation to participate; older adults; research participation; user expectations; user needs

Giving Science Innovation Systems a 'Nudge' - Kirsty de Jong; Urs Daellenbach; Sally Davenport; Jarrod Haar; Shirley Leitch (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
In this article we consider the role that contextual factors play in science innovation systems – that is, the choice architecture, that influences the orientation and outcomes of publicly-funded research. More specifically, we examine how choice architects, particularly policymakers and funding administrators, can affect the decision-making behaviour of researchers. The context for today’s science innovation systems continues to shift as governments seek solutions to the world’s “grand societal challenges”, such as climate change and ageing populations, in addition to greater and more demonstrable impact from funded research. This means that the assumptions of “basic research [being] performed without thought of practical ends” (Bush, 1945) that have shaped such projects, actually run counter to the growing expectations of greater commercialisation and use of multidisciplinary mission-led approaches. We argue that a closer examination of the choice architecture for publicly-funded research is required to understand and address how these potentially conflicting objectives may be pursued most productively through interventions that could form the basis of a novel, behaviourally-based toolkit for science innovation policy.
Keywords: behavioural economics; behavioural science; choice architecture; innovation policy; mission-led science; research impact.

How to Create Value(s) in the Sharing Economy: Business Models, Scalability, and Sustainability - Aurélien Acquier; Valentina Carbone; David Massé (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
By organizing peer-to-peer exchanges and promoting access over ownership, the sharing economy is transforming a great variety of sectors. Enjoying fast growth, the sharing economy is an umbrella term encompassing heterogeneous initiatives that create different types of economic, environmental, or social value. This heterogeneity triggers tensions and intense disputes about the perimeter of the field. Do Airbnb and Uber belong to the sharing economy? How do we consider practices such as gifting, renting, and swapping that existed before the sharing economy boom? To sort out this complexity, we have adopted a pragmatic and grounded approach examining 27 initiatives that claim to be part of, or are perceived as emblematic of the sharing economy. We develop a typology of sharing economy business models revealing four configurations: shared infrastructure providers, commoners, mission-driven platforms, and matchmakers. Each configuration exhibits specific value-creation logics, scalability issues, sustainability impacts, and potential controversies. Our results provide guidance for sharing entrepreneurs, for established businesses that want to embrace the principles of the sharing economy, and for public actors wishing to regulate or support the field.
Keywords: business model; scalability; sharing economy; sustainability; value creation; value distribution

How to Develop a Digital Ecosystem: a Practical Framework - Omar Valdez-de-Leon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Throughout the modern industrial era, industries have generally been organised as linear value chains. This gave birth to the vertically integrated organisation, which was organised in such a way in order to control the entire value chain and achieve economies of scale, which in turn would create a significant competitive advantage. As digital technologies continue gaining adoption, they start enabling new ways of organising how value is created. This transition means moving from value chains to digital ecosystems. This is giving way to new industry giants, which rely on the strength of their digital ecosystems to attain market dominance. However, there is still limited knowledge of digital ecosystems: how they are created, how they work and, importantly, how organisations beyond digital giants can approach digital ecosystems. Based on literature review and expert surveys and interviews, this piece puts forward a practical framework for both established organisations and entrepreneurs to better understand, plan and navigate the new paradigm of digital ecosystems.
Keywords: Digitization,

How to Develop an Impactful Action Research Program: Insights and Lessons from a Case Study - Victoria Lakiza; Isabelle Deschamps (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Action research holds great potential for helping bridge the gap between research and practice. By working closely together, researchers and practitioners can develop tangible customized solutions based on research findings. It becomes possible to go beyond generic best practices that might need adaptation for successful implementation and use, or that may not apply at all in some contexts. In this article, the mechanisms through which action research can create the desired change and impact in both industry and academia are illustrated by describing the relevance and contribution of the main steps of a longitudinal action research program in a Canadian manufacturing company. The authors share four guiding principles and six success factors that were revealed intuitively in the course of this multi-year research program. Their hope is to contribute to a better understanding of how it is possible to develop an adaptive action research methodology to increase the potential for research relevance and organizational change.
Keywords: action research; guiding principles; Innovation management; research practice gap; success factors

Human Capital, Its Constituents, and Entrepreneurial Innovation: A Multi-Level Modelling of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data - Vijay Vyas; Renuka Vyas (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
In this study, we use multi-level modelling to analyze data of over 200,000 businesses in 96 countries to explain the failure of previous research to extend human capital theory to innovation. We trace this failure to, previously overlooked, conflicting influences of education and experience, the two key constituents of human capital that are often used in research as innovation antecedents and present a conceptual and empirical case against the use of work experience as a constituent of human capital. Our hierarchical exploration of innovation antecedents shows that, at the individual level, being young and recently educated are significant predictors of innovation whereas, at the societal level, national wealth dampens the negative effect of age on innovation and accentuates the positive effect of education on it.
Keywords: age,

The Impact of Digitalization and Resources on Gaining Competitive Advantage in International Markets: Mediating Role of Marketing, Innovation and Learning Capabilities - Yan Yin Lee; Mohammad Falahat (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
International Entrepreneurship as a field of studies depends on digitalization as an essential factor that drives internationalization. Riding on the wave of digitalization, firms can produce and market their products and services globally through digital platforms with reduced costs and time savings. Yet, digitalization as a determinant of competitive advantages for small and medium enterprises in international markets is rarely examined. This study fills the gap by testing the direct and indirect effects of digitalization on enterprise, specifically focusing on price, product and service advantages in digitalized international markets. Based on the data collected from 143 exporting SME manufacturers in Malaysia, results from our analysis revealed that digitalization has no direct effect on competitive advantage, but rather has strong indirect effects on product and service advantages. Managers and policymakers can thus leverage digitalization to improve their company's internationalization plans according to its intended competitive strategies.
Keywords: competitive advantage; digitalization; innovation; international entrepreneurship; Learning Capabilities; marketing; SMEs

Increasing the Impact of Industry–Academia Collaboration through Co-Production - Anna Sannö; Anna Ericson Öberg; Erik Flores-Garcia; Mats Jackson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Increased competition and globalization motivate us to join forces to enhance the impact of the research conducted. Collaboration between organizations with different views can, however, be difficult to manage and needs awareness and skills to meet different expectations. This article will consider both a mutual industrial and academic perspective into the development of action research and, in six research project cases, empirically explore how the impact can be enhanced by considering certain key factors in the research process. How the phases of problem formulation, methodology, and results are managed is critical for the success of a collaboration and, thereby, its impact. Counter-productive forces that could dilute the progress over time need to be considered given that combining practical relevance and scientific rigour comes with challenges.
Keywords: action research; co-production; collaboration; impact; industry–academia collaboration; key factors; relevance; rigour

Innovation Ecosystems as Structures for Value Co-Creation - Sanna Ketonen-Oksi; Katri Valkokari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Despite the many recent discussions on “innovation ecosystems” as well as on open innovation or other co-innovation models, a more in-depth understanding of the multi-actor processes of value co-creation remains rather scarce. Hence, in this case study, we provide significant novel insight about innovation ecosystems as structures enabling multi-actor value co-creation in real-life innovation ecosystems. Based on our empirical findings, we identified two key principles: 1) in order to encourage the active participation of ecosystem actors in the value co-creation process, efforts must be made to ensure a clear vision and a shared value base on which the ecosystem activities can be built and 2) facilitation is needed to support the ecosystem actors to make new connections and to share their knowledge and resources in concrete ways. Most importantly, the more diversity there is among the ecosystem actors, the greater the support for innovativeness within the value co-creation process.
Keywords: ecosystems; innovation; platforms; value co-creation

Innovation Management in Living Lab Projects: The Innovatrix Framework - Dimitri Schuurman; Aron-Levi Herregodts; Annabel Georges; Olivier Rits (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Despite living labs being described as “orchestrators” and innovation intermediaries, there is scant literature providing concrete guidelines and tools for living lab practitioners on the topic of project-related innovation management. To address this need, we propose Innovatrix, an innovation management framework built upon existing business model and innovation management tools and frameworks and iterated based on practical experience in living lab projects. In this article, we illustrate the added value of the proposed framework through three practical case studies that lead to three propositions regarding innovation management in living lab projects. First, Innovatrix helps to scope the user involvement activities, which leads to greater efficiency and faster decision making. Second, Innovatrix forces the project owner to focus on a limited number of customer segments, which increases the speed of learning as the scarce entrepreneurial resources are dedicated to a limited number of segments. Third, Innovatrix allows practitioners to capture the iterations and pivots that were made during an innovation project, which helps to link specific outcomes with certain living lab activities.
Keywords: assumption; business modelling; Innovation management; living labs; testing; user research; validation

Is Joining a Business Incubator or Accelerator Always a Good Thing? - Kristina Lukosiute; Søren Jensen; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Business incubators and accelerators are often hailed as essential tools for fostering growth in startups. However, not only do entrepreneurs often face the question of which incubator or accelerator to join, we suggest that they should also question whether or not to join one at all. Is joining a business incubator or accelerator always a good thing? In this article, we investigate some of the negative outcomes entrepreneurs can experience when engaging with an incubator or accelerator. We apply a cross-case analysis of empirical observations from qualitative interviews with Danish and Canadian entrepreneurs to arrive at a set of recommendations that entrepreneurs should keep in mind when considering such an engagement. These points are further qualified based on informal interviews with four serial entrepreneurs.
Keywords: accelerator; Canada; Denmark; disadvantages; incubator; Lithuania; new venture; start-up

Kick-Start for Connectivity: How to Implement Digital Platforms Successfully in Industry 4.0 - Marie-Christin Schmidt; Johannes W. Veile; Julian M. Müller; Kai-Ingo Voigt (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Based on digitalization and interconnectedness, Industry 4.0 causes a structural change in the value creation processes, and thus reinforces the transformation of business processes and business models. One way for companies to cope with this development and its associated challenges is to apply digital platforms in the value creation process. As the potential of digital platforms for industrial value creation can only be leveraged to its full extent with adequate implementation, this paper addresses the research question: How are digital platforms best implemented in Industry 4.0 contexts; Using a qualitative case study design, based on 32 semi-structured expert interviews, the study identifies different triggers and initiators, challenges, and respective countermeasures, as thematic core elements of implementation, and requirements for platforms. The research insights contribute to existing literature on Industry 4.0 and digital platforms. In addition, the paper discusses practical implications for industrial companies.
Keywords: Buyer-Supplier Relationships; collaboration; digital platforms; Digital Technologies.; IIoT; Industry 4.0; Supplier Integration

Leveraging AI-based Decision Support for Opportunity Analysis - Wolfgang Groher; Friedrich-Wilhelm Rademacher; André Csillaghy (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The dynamics and speed of change in corporate environments have increased. At the front-end of innovation, firms are challenged to evaluate growing amounts of information within shorter time frames in order to stay competitive. Either they spend significant time on structured data analysis, at the risk of delayed market launch, or they follow their intuition, at the risk of not meeting market trends. Both scenarios constitute a significant risk for a firm’s continued existence. Motivated by this, a conceptual model is presented in this paper that aims at remediating these risks. Grounded on design science methodology, it concentrates on previous assessments of innovation search fields. These innovation search fields assist in environmental scanning and lay the foundation for deciding which opportunities to pursue. The model applies a novel AI-based approach, which draws on natural language processing and information retrieval. To provide decision support, the approach includes market-, technology-, and firm-related criteria. This allows us to replace intuitive decision-making by fact-based considerations. In addition, an often-iterative approach for environmental scanning is replaced by a more straightforward process. Early testing of the conceptual model has shown results of increased quality and speed of decision-making. Further testing and feedback is still required to enhance and calibrate the AI-functionality. Applied in business environments, the approach can contribute to remediate fuzziness in early front-end activities, thus helping direct innovation managers to “do the right things”.
Keywords: front-end of innovation; environmental scanning; information processing; opportunity; innovation search field; information retrieval; artificial intelligence; decision-making; latent semantic indexing; design-science

Live and Let Die: On the Management of Creativity - Michael Hartmann; Désirée Laubengaier; Kai Foerstl (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Literature has pointed to the importance of feedback on creative ideas in innovation management processes. However, little is known about the practices that constitute the feedback process and their effect on employees’ future willingness to consistently and recurrently contribute with creative ideas to organized innovation management efforts. In this research, we draw on data from a single case study at a German multinational manufacturing firm. We show the flip side of managerial attempts to provide feedback and foster employees’ creative output. In particular, we identify distinct practices organizational actors employ along the sequence of idea generation, elaboration, championing, and implementation, and find that the practices can turn organized innovation management efforts into a political process. Furthermore, we present a virtuous and a vicious circle of managerial attempts to manage creativity in innovation processes. In doing so, we highlight the value of taking a practice lens to better understand the challenges in organized innovation management efforts and propose future research in other contexts. We suggest that managers should flexibly design organized innovation management processes to account for radical ideas and to pay close attention to a coherent communication when providing feedback and encouraging employees to contrive creative ideas. Our work contributes to the body of research on innovation management by shedding light on the dark side of organized innovation management efforts.
Keywords: case study; creativity; Feedback; Innovation management; Qualitative Research.

A Management Innovation Approach to Project Planning - Haven Allahar (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Innovation is viewed as indispensable to the economic and social development of countries, and the subject has been widely researched. The initial research focused on the development of new products and services by firms applying technological initiatives. The concept has expanded to cover many domains and features of innovation that led to innovation in non-technological areas, currently referred to as “management innovation”. Many tools were developed by management specialists and gurus such as strategic planning, vision and mission statements, benchmarking, customer-satisfaction measurement, and outsourcing to target performance improvements in firms. The output of this article is a project development planning model that integrates management innovation tools related to the field of project planning as a novel approach tested by a consulting firm over several applications. The article has implications for managers, consultants, and professionals involved in the design, planning, and implementation of a varied range of development projects.
Keywords: innovation; management innovation; management innovation tools; scenario planning; strategic foresight

Mastering the Digital Transformation Process: Business Practices and Lessons Learned - Lucija Ivančić; Vesna Bosilj Vukšić; Mario Spremić (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Due to its unique features and accessibility, the focus of implementing digital technology is no longer just to improve internal operations, but to expand internal dimensions, reach customers and external partners, affect services, integrate processes, disrupt markets, and fundamentally change industries. It is no surprise that the notion of digital transformation has garnered much research interest, especially from the practitioners’ point of view, but academic achievements are somehow lagging behind, possibly because frameworks for digital transformation are still evolving. In this article, we tried to address that gap by conducting holistic research of digital transformation in companies. We used a series of in-depth interviews to inform comprehensive case studies of three companies from different industries that are in different stages of digital transformation. We carefully investigated the companies’ experiences in the process of digital transformation, which are discussed here to provide valid theoretical framing. We conclude that, in addition to technology adoption, important factors for successful digital transformation are the ability of an organization to change and operational excellence in the integration of external digital services with internal IT support. In that light, we summarize our findings in a form of discovered (sub)dimensions that are the basis for the proposed digital transformation framing, while the narratives and case experiences provide with examples of best practice.
Keywords: case study; change management; digital business; digital model; digital transformation; digital transformation model; digitization; human capital; Innovation management; talent management

Multidimensional Data-Driven Artificial Intelligence Innovation - Sergey A. Yablonsky (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
This is a critical time for the development and adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The field has existed since the 1950s and is only now emerging as viable for commercial markets. Many enterprises are placing bets on AI that will determine their future. Today AI innovation becomes useful when it enriches decision-making that is enhanced by applying Big Data (BD) and Advanced Analytics (AA), with some element of human interaction using digital platforms. This research investigates an opportunity for cross-fertilization between AI, BD, and AA with related disciplines. The paper aims to investigate the potential relationship of AI, BD, and AA with digital business platforms. In doing so, it develops a multidimensional BD-driven AI innovation taxonomy framework with an AA/BD/AA innovation value chain, related levels of BD, and analytics maturity improvement. This framework can be used with a focus on data-driven human-machine relationships, and applying AI at different levels of data driven automation maturity.
Keywords: Advanced Analytics; AI maturity; AI value chain; Artificial Intelligence (AI); big data; enterprise platform; innovation

Navigating Boundaries in Additive Manufacturing through Action Research - Katharina Ruckstuhl; Rafaela C. C. Rabello; Sally Davenport (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Action research – both as praxis but also from a critical orientation – can elaborate modes of action, identifying the borders and margins that act as both the productive spaces for collaboration as well as the fuzzy areas that require reflection and clarification. In this exploratory case study, action research is used to follow an additive manufacturing project team in real time as it navigates fuzzy areas to integrate knowledge to produce commercializable science innovation in one of New Zealand’s National Science Challenges (NSC): Science for Technological Innovation – Kia Kotahi Mai: Te Ao Pūtaiao me Te Ao Hangarau (SfTI). Through action research as praxis and as critical orientation, we have identified key mechanisms in interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research for commercialization, particularly in the context of New Zealand’s indigenous Māori people. Our preliminary analysis indicates that an explicit understanding of the fuzzy spaces can help teams find creative and collaborative means to navigate the productive but challenging “interstices of disciplines” (Mengis et al., 2018) to produce science innovation and discoveries and to galvanize relationships with industry and Māori participants. The findings also indicate that action research can promote structural, relational, and knowledge changes within teams, helping them solve complex problems in real time.
Keywords: action research; critical orientation; innovation; science; SfTI; transformative praxis

Open Data and Open Source Enabling Smart City Development: A Case Study in Häme Region - Jari Jussila; Joni Kukkamäki; Mikko Mäntyneva; Juuso Heinisuo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Open data offers possibilities to accelerate both innovations and co-creation activities in cities and regions. Likewise, open source software development is an efficient way to create new services. Open data can be used to promote better information sharing and offers various opportunities for third-party developers. Co-creation improves the commitment of different stakeholders and ensures that the created solutions are based on real needs. For these reasons, it is only logical that these two themes are linked together in smart city activities. This paper presents a practical open data and co-creation development made in the region of Häme, Finland. This paper contributes to smart cities research by describing the development of two smart city services: the Tavastia Events API and "Hämeenlinna in pocket" smartphone application. It describes strategies that facilitate beneficial participation and collaboration in smart city open data initiatives. Based on Linked Events, an open source solution developed for the city of Helsinki, modification and implementation were made to create a centralized and open service, to collect and publish event-related data via an application programming interface (API) in the Häme region. A smartphone application was then developed, making use of the developed Events API and other data sources, to provide citizens with the most common digital services, and a platform for digital participation in Häme.
Keywords: Smart city,

Open Strategy in a Smart City - Suvi Einola; Marko Kohtamäki; Harri Hietikko (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
To attract new companies and a talented workforce in a way that increases income streams, cities are searching for strategic capabilities by using a variety of strategic practices. The present study participates in the theoretical debate between micro- and macro-strategizing by focusing on the interplay between the city organization and its institutional environment. As such, the study elucidates the open strategy process used in the strategy work of a medium-sized city in Finland. To make the strategy work open and encourage citizens’ participation, the city decided to utilize crowdsourcing as a tool that was part of a broader strategy process to develop a city strategy in a participative manner. The present study analyzes the responses of almost 2000 citizens who addressed the role of an open strategy in developing a smart city. The study contributes by depicting how the open strategy was utilized in practice and what types of outcomes it produced.

Q&A. What Can Action Research Learn from Business Environment Analysis? - Bengt Wahlström (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: action research; business environment analysis; consultancy; consultants; organizations

Scientific Excellence in Participatory and Action Research: Part I. Rethinking Research Quality - Erik Lindhult (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
A core impetus of participatory and action research is making science relevant and useful for solving pressing problems and improving social conditions, and enabling stakeholders to participate in research and development processes. There are claims in the community of participatory and action research of the potential for heightened scientific excellence, but at the same time, there are critiques in the mainstream community that more engaged, even activist, stances threaten scientific norms or that position these type of research approaches outside the field of science, for example, as issues of application. In the search of clarification of the scientific identity and the specific qualities of participatory and action research, scholars have been moving away from and sometimes have rejected traditional conceptions of quality. This leads to confusion about how to relate to the discourse on research quality and scientific excellence in mainstream science. Integration in this discourse is important in order to attain academic legitimation in prevailing institutions of science, for example, in applications for funding, in seeking to publish research, and in the acceptance of dissertations based on participatory and action research. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this integration by reconstructing the way traditional quality concepts – validity, reliability, and objectivity – can be fruitfully used in expanded frameworks for quality where scientific excellence of participatory and action approaches are visible and where mainstream science approaches also can be harboured. In this conceptual article, reconstruction of understanding of scientific inquiry is first made based on a praxis-oriented epistemology inspired by pragmatism. Through rethinking truth as trustworthiness, new proposals for the conceptualization and frames for research quality and scientific excellence are introduced. Second, a framework for understanding purpose in science and its basis in validity, reliability, and the core characteristics of participatory and action research is developed. Third, the turn to action, practice, and participation enables plural ways of knowing and ways that knowledge claims can be validated and made trustworthy. The article concludes that participatory and action research offers a broader landscape of purpose and validation than more traditional approaches to science. In a subsequent article, reliability and objectivity, and their use in participatory and action research, will be clarified.
Keywords: action research; participatory research; quality

Scientific Excellence in Participatory and Action Research: Part II. Rethinking Objectivity and Reliability - Erik Lindhult (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The purpose of this article is to deal with the following question: Can the concepts of reliability and objectivity be reconceptualized and reappropriated to enable understanding of scientific excellence in participatory and action research? The article shows that it is fruitful to consider the “subjective” and active role of researchers as vital in enabling scientific objectivity and reliability. As an expansion from a replication logic, reliability can be conceptualized as adaptive, goal-seeking, dynamically regulated processes enabled by effective organization of interactive and participatory learning processes where all participants can contribute to learning and correction in inquiry. Instead of erasing subjectivity, objectivity can be enabled by critical subjectivity, intersubjectivity, practical wisdom, impartial norms of inquiry, and open democratic dialogue. Reliability and objectivity in this understanding can be enabled by participatory and action research through skilful performance of research practices such as reflective conversations between parties, dialogue conferences, experimentation, and experiential learning as part of action-research cycles, etc., which are common in participatory and action research initiatives and projects. By rethinking validity, reliability, and objectivity, recognizing the substantially more active and participatory stances enables scientific excellence, it can expand the repertoire of strategies for promoting research quality, and it helps to mainstream this type of approach in the scientific community.
Keywords: action research; objectivity; participatory research; reliability

The SDG-Check: Guiding Open Innovation towards Sustainable Development Goals - Justus von Geibler; Julius Piwowar; Annika Greven (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The “fuzzy front end” of innovation is argued to be crucial for the success and sustainability impact of a final product. Indeed, it is a promising area of focus in efforts to achieve the United Nations’ 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which provide a globally accepted framework for sustainability. However, the usability of the 17 goals and the large number of sub-goals represent barriers to innovation practitioners. Moreover, this early innovation stage proves to be a challenge for corporate practitioners and innovators, largely due to the concept’s intangible, qualitative nature and the lack of data. To help overcome these barriers, this article proposes a four-stage approach for structuring the innovation process using an online tool called the “SDG-Check”, which help assess an innovator’s sustainability orientation in the early phases of product and service development. It is a semi-quantitative tool to gather and combine assessments by experts involved in innovation processes with implications for the United Nations’ SDGs. Furthermore, this article presents our first experiences in applying the SDG-Check based on three living lab innovation cases. The results indicate that the tools can support and inspire a dialogue with internal and external stakeholders with regards to sustainability considerations in the early design stages of product and service development.
Keywords: fuzzy front end of innovation; Living lab; Open innovation; SDG-Check; sustainability assessments; sustainability inspiration; sustainable development goals

Smart Mobility: Services, Platforms and Ecosystems - Jukka Pulkkinen; Jari Jussila; Atte Partanen; Igor Trotskii; Aki Laiho (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
In this study, we provide novel insight into building and managing growth in a new emerging market: the operation and maintenance of a heterogeneous and expanding vehicle fleet in a smart city environment. There are several different types of players in this emerging market and a dominant player is still missing. Based on our empirical findings, we identified three key characteristics of a growing business and the ability to reach a leading position: 1) co-creation through resource integration and service exchange is preferable for responding to market demands; 2) a digital platform is critical to create the necessary knowledge for resource integration and service exchange; and 3) smart services glue the ecosystem and platform together and create the outcome that solves the defined business problem. Most importantly, all three elements—ecosystem, platform and smart services—create a uniform environment in which to grow the business in a new emerging market.

The Status and Future of Action Research: An Interview with Professor David Coghlan - David Coghlan; Erik Lindhult (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Keywords: action research; David Coghlan; insider action research; interiority; interview; reflection