Perspectives on Knowledge Mobilization: An Introduction to the Special Issue - Kimberly Matheson; Cathy Malcolm Edwards (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
In this introduction to the Technology Innovation Management Review's special issue on Knowledge Mobilization, Guest Editors Kimberly Matheson and Cathy Malcolm Edwards share their different perspectives as an academic and a knowledge broker on the process of knowledge mobilization. Despite their distinctive points of entry into the knowledge mobilization field, they share a common perspective on the value of researchers and knowledge users learning from each other, working together to co-create solutions, and the importance of contributing back into the basic research and training of the next generation. They also provide the context of the authors' contributions to this special issue, noting that the articles are rooted in the authors’ experiences in the health domain, but that they help to understand some of the challenges and rewards of integrating knowledge mobilization into research approaches more generally.
Keywords: health; interdisciplinary; knowledge mobilization; partnerships

Priority Systems at Theme Parks from the Perspective of Managers and Customers - Gilda Hernandez-Maskivker; Gerard Ryan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Waiting times are becoming an increasingly important customer-experience challenge in theme parks. The seemingly ever-present problem of long queues for rides and attractions is being tackled by the development of priority systems. These innovations allow customers to join an alternative queue that bypasses the congestion faced by regular customers. In other words, by paying extra, customers can purchase the right to be served sooner. Such systems are becoming prevalent, but there is a lack of empirical research into priority systems at theme parks in the academic and management literature, which suggests that in-depth empirical analysis is necessary in order to understand the consumer decision-making process when making this purchase. This article examines priority systems at theme parks both from the viewpoint of park management and of customers. To address this gap, we surveyed nearly 1,000 customers at a major theme park in Spain and conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 theme park managers to assess both customer and manager attitudes towards waiting generally and priority systems specifically. Our results reveal that these priority systems facilitate market segmentation. When theme parks offer this "wait or pay" option, different groups of customers are identified based on their attitudes: those who wait in regular lines and those who are willing to pay to avoid lines. Thus, this innovative system creates an important source of new revenue while also improving the customer experience by reducing waiting times and minimizing congestion. Following a discussion of our results, we offer practical recommendations to managers who need to address the challenges of waiting times in theme parks and wish to improve both profits and customer experiences by implementing a priority system.
Keywords: innovation; managers; priority queues; theme parks; tourism; tourist behaviour; waiting time

A Process for Co-Creating Shared Value with the Crowd: Tourism Case Studies from a Regional Innovation System in Western Switzerland - Vincent Grèzes; Béatrice Girod Lehmann; Marc Schnyder; Antoine Perruchoud (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Despite the presence of a regional innovation system, the gross value added attributed to tourism in the Swiss region of Valais is declining. Innovation policies fostering private initiatives and collaboration between companies, researchers, and coaching services have been reinforced recently, and policy instruments are in place to support strategic industries. However, no incitement instrument is dedicated to supporting the co-creation and the creation of shared value through local actors. This article presents a co-creation process of shared value and the lessons learned while implementing a new mode of innovation and entrepreneurship in two case studies in the peripheral region of Valais, Switzerland. The aim of the process is the co-creation of shared value-based business models, with an emphasis on the use of crowdsourcing to find new ways to create shared value.
Keywords: business models; co-creation; crowdsourcing; innovation; regional innovation system; shared value; tourism; tourism cluster

Profiling Regional Innovation Ecosystems as Functional Collaborative Systems: The Case of Cambridge - Jukka Viitanen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
It has been widely recognized that the national and regional development of innovation ecosystems has been a relatively successful model for regional revitalization, bringing together key actors to perform the relevant technology-driven development processes. The ecosystems have been organized and combine readily public sector interests with private sector business-oriented actions. However, all regions are not uniformly successful, which leaves open the question of how to guide the sub-optimum regional systems closer to the front-runner position. Why do some score better than the others? This article presents both theoretical and practical evidence of global best practice in developing regional innovation hubs and renders a fully integrated innovation hub framework that defines a novel, holistic approach to managing these ecosystems. The framework is tested and validated through a selected case study of Cambridge, United Kingdom, identifying the key ecosystem elements that are necessary for building up a solid foundation for the innovative regions.
Keywords: Cambridge; innovation ecosystem; management; orchestration; PPP; public–private partnership; system thinking

A Proposed Approach for Idea Selection in Front End of Innovation Activities - Andrew N. Forde; Mark S. Fox (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Current research indicates that the idea evaluation processes of many firms are ad hoc or intuitive, with very few firms having defined methods. We propose a new approach to select the best ideas to pursue amidst different probable versions of the future. In support of "front end of innovation" processes, the approach emphasizes the formation of requirements for any idea that can be prioritized and measured against possible future worlds. This approach is currently conceptual; future work will develop the approach into a methodology that can be tested using real-world problems. This article will be relevant to those who are exploring novel methods and approaches to selecting the best idea within their particular domains.
Keywords: FEoI; front end of innovation; idea selection; innovation; multi-criteria decision making; possible worlds; real options; stochastic models

Q&A. How Can a University Drive an Open Innovation Ecosystem? - Gonzalo León; Roberto Martínez (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: ecosystems; Open innovation; public–private partnerships; technology transfer; university–industry cooperation

Q&A. How Can Online Platforms Contribute to Smarter and More Prosperous Regions in Europe? - Hanne Melin; Samuel Laurinkari; Taina Tukiainen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: digital economy; e-commerce; online marketplaces; online platforms; regional integration

Q&A. How Can You Teach Innovation and Entrepreneurship? - Anna Trifilova; John Bessant; Allen Alexander (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: learning entrepreneurship; tacit knowledge; teaching innovation; university–industry cooperation

Q&A. What is the Role of Higher Education Institutions in Promoting Entrepreneurship in India? - Dharmesh Raval (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: entrepreneurship education; HEI; higher education institutions; incubation; mentoring; startups

Rejuvenating the Cider Route in Quebec: An Action Design Research Approach to Stakeholder Collaboration and Innovation - L. Martin Cloutier; Laurent Renard; Sébastien Arcand; E. Michael Laviolette (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
This article examines the problem of rejuvenating collaboration for innovation among cideries (cider producers) and the regional tourism association as the historical key stakeholders of the Cider Route of the Montérégie region in Quebec, Canada. The article reports on the initial steps of an action design research approach to support the stakeholders of the Cider Route in designing an innovative solution in response to numerous challenges they face, including a lack of new initiatives and steeply declining membership among cideries. The first step of the action design research was to define the problem: to renew the collaborative process among the Cider Route stakeholders by redefining the vision, mission, and strategy leading to an artifact proposal that could take the form of a mobile application. Thus, the notion of a boundary object is employed – in relation to the process of designing an information technology artifact in the form of a mobile application for the Cider Route – as a way to understand the need to collaborate to innovate in this context. The article also reports on the ongoing second step of the action design research process, which consists of supporting the collaborative process using group concept mapping. The group concept mapping method was suggested to guide and sustain the collaborative process over time because it is a participatory, bottom-up, mixed-methods approach to evaluation and planning. The group concept mapping, applied within the action design research approach, could be helpful in two ways: first, to define the rejuvenated vision, mission, and strategy for the Cider Route; second, to define the specific functionalities of the mobile application for the Cider Route.
Keywords: action design research; agrotourism; boundary object; Cider Route; stakeholder collaboration

Research on Fire: Lessons Learned in Knowledge Mobilization - Susan Braedley (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
In this article, I outline knowledge mobilization lessons learned while working on politically “hot button” issues in public policy research related to fire services. These lessons were shaped by the research funding context. Researchers are increasingly required to develop research relationships with government, industry, and community partners to ensure research is relevant to those who can best use it, to embed knowledge mobilization in research processes, to ensure that knowledge has an impact in the world beyond the academy, and to provide research funding. Perhaps not surprisingly, when my findings created challenges for research partners, controversies erupted, potentially imperiling my research program, career, and potential research impact. Drawing from my knowledge-mobilization experiences as well as those of other researchers, I offer some insights gained from mobilizing knowledge on a “hot topic” in public policy.
Keywords: catalytic validity; knowledge mobilization; public policy; public services; research values

Revealing Hidden Innovation: Patterns of External Innovation Investment in Australian Businesses - Kieran O’Brien (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Recent theory and literature suggests that many businesses now innovate based on the adoption and modification of knowledge, technology, and innovations sourced externally rather than developed in-house. Yet, little is known about the value and economic impact of expenditures on outsourced innovation activities, which are often referred to as "hidden innovation" by many scholars. The issue is due largely to a lack of consistent measurement, available data, and analyses of expenditures on hidden innovation. In contrast, there is a long history of cross-country data collection on in-house research and development (R&D) activities and costs, and much research focuses on innovations involving in-house R&D effort. This study reviews results from a survey aimed at collecting new economy-wide data on external innovation investments in Australia. The results estimate total unmeasured or "hidden" investment in external innovation activities by Australian businesses at $3.5 to $4 billion in 2014, an amount large enough to stimulate important economic activity and warrant future research. This article discusses the implications of these results for policy, business strategy, and future research on innovation.
Keywords: Australia; external investment; hidden innovation; innovation investment

The Smart City Ecosystem as an Innovation Model: Lessons from Montreal - Mohamed Reda Khomsi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Innovations are not confined to new technologies designed to improve the manufacturing processes of a product or the provision of a service. In a context of postmodernity, the new innovation paradigm calls on organizations to choose the best innovation strategies for their broader purposes. Today, such strategies usually involve adopting organizational structures that enable better collaboration with the stakeholders of an ecosystem. This article focuses on the smart city of Montreal – selected as the 2016 Intelligent Community of the Year by the Intelligent Community Forum – as a model of innovation. The aim is to understand the distinction between "the smart city" and "the smart destination", despite the omnipresence of tourism projects in smart city development plans. Among the key lessons are the importance of engaging tourism stakeholders and the role of a dedicated organization to develop and implement the city's unique vision.
Keywords: ecosystem; innovation; Montreal; smart cities; smart destination; stakeholders

Supporting Research-Inspired Entrepreneurial Activities in India - Nikhil A. Gokhale (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Nations built on innovation, entrepreneurship, and production are able to dominate the world economy. However, risk taking has traditionally been discouraged in developing nations. The uncertainty and financial insecurity associated with entrepreneurial activities are the greatest barriers that budding entrepreneurs need to overcome in order to transition into successful entrepreneurs. This challenge needs substantial effort and steady support from society. Easy access to information, mentorship, and a network of venture capitalists and angel investors also play critical roles in promoting entrepreneurial activities. To this end, the Government of India recently launched a nationwide campaign to promote entrepreneurial activities across the country. Some of the recently emerging trends indicate that scientific and technological innovators from India are now willing to be a part of the global entrepreneurial revolution. Research-inspired entrepreneurial initiatives are expected to play a key role in facilitating India’s economic growth in the coming years. This article focuses on the initiatives undertaken by the Indian Government and by various academic institutes to facilitate entrepreneurial activities across the country.
Keywords: business; economy; entrepreneurship; financial risk; research-inspired entrepreneurship

TIM Lecture Series – An Introduction to Intellectual Property for Entrepreneurs - Elizabeth Collinson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: Canada; CIPO; copyright; entrepreneurship; industrial design; intellectual property; patents; startups; trade secrets; trademarks

TIM Lecture Series – Huge Memory and Collection-Oriented Programming: Less Code, More Speed? - Dave Thomas (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: big data; collection-oriented programming; databases; huge persistent memory; memory; object-oriented programming; programming; queries; speed; very large databases

TIM Lecture Series – Insights from Success and Failure in Technology Businesses - Chris McPhee; Peter Carbone; Sean Silcoff (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: Blackberry; book launch; innovation; insights; lessons; management; Nortel; Research in Motion; technology; technology innovation management review; TIM Review

TIM Lecture Series – Startup Life: Lessons Learned in Entrepreneurship - Andrea Baptiste (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: entrepreneurship; lessons; startups

TIM Seminar – Transforming a Desert City into an International Cybersecurity Hub and Ecosystem - Roni Zehavi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: Canada; collaboration; cooperation; cybersecurity; CyberSpark; Israel

Transferable Practices for Knowledge Mobilization: Lessons from a Community-Engaged Health Research Study - Renate Ysseldyk; Angela Paric; Tracy Luciani (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Community-engaged health research can have both immediate and lasting impacts, yet is often plagued with various unknowns and unanticipated delays – this can be especially true in hospital settings with older adults. In this informal case study based on the authors’ collective experiences of an unraveling of the research process, the challenges and issues faced in assessing the health benefits of the “Music & Memory” iPod program in a complex continuing care hospital wing are discussed. Specifically, the lessons learned through the processes of acquiring ethical approval to work with a particularly vulnerable population, of effectively measuring the benefits of the program, and of the day-to-day logistical issues are recounted, with suggestions for overcoming these challenges through transferable practices for working with vulnerable or older adults and mobilizing the knowledge gained.
Keywords: challenges; community engagement; complex care; health; knowledge mobilization; music; older adults

Underground Innovation: How to Encourage Bootlegging Employees to Disclose Their Good Ideas - Kamal Sakhdari; Erfan Jalali Bidakhavidi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Employees are increasingly considered as the origin of many corporate entrepreneurial ideas. Research on “bootlegging” posits that individuals often resort to hidden activities to elaborate their initial ideas and bring them to fruition. The origins and causes of bootlegging behaviour are well argued in the literature. Yet, less is known about what drives bootleggers to uncover their hidden ideas. This research uses field data from in-depth interviews with innovators in R&D departments in different industries of Iran to identify factors stimulating bootleggers to reveal their underground ideas. We identified five groups of factors at individual, managerial, firm, industrial, and idea levels, explaining the revealing stage of bootlegging behaviour. The findings provide a better understanding of the later phases of bootlegging behaviour and the possible role of context-specific factors such as cultural and religious beliefs.
Keywords: bootlegging; corporate entrepreneurship; hidden ideas; innovation; qualitative research method; R&D departments

Urban Living Labs for Sustainability in Suburbs in Need of Modernization and Social Uplift - Katarina Buhr; Maija Federley; Anja Karlsson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
A number of urban living labs have been set up in recent years, with the aim of developing innovation processes within a multi-stakeholder partnership in an urban context. Several urban living labs focus on sustainable development, which is a visible and urgent issue in less valued suburbs in need of modernization and social uplift. We argue that, when applying the living labs approach in the context of sustainable development in suburbs, the primary focus should be society’s collective goals, as expressed through municipalities and users. The aim of this article is to show examples of how urban living labs can be applied in less valued suburbs in order to contribute to sustainability based on societal goals. We build on analyses from the research project SubUrbanLab, where urban living labs were set up in Alby and Peltosaari, two suburban areas in Sweden and Finland, respectively. We draw lessons regarding how to use urban living labs for sustainable development in order to create favourable conditions for ongoing engagement with the municipality and users towards long-term sustainability.
Keywords: city; Living lab; suburb; sustainability; urban

Value Network Design for Innovations: Developing Alternative Value Network Drafts - Martin Kage; Marvin Drewel; Jürgen Gausemeier; Marcel Schneider (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Information technology increasingly permeates established products and services, thereby making them "smart". For companies, this trend necessitates new know-how in unknown fields. Hence, traditional manufacturing companies are increasingly forced to cooperate with new players within new value networks. In contradiction to value chains, value networks oftentimes exhibit no clear hierarchies and are characterized by rather weak ties between the participating players. For a company that wants to create smart products or services, the key challenge is arranging the value network such that the customer obtains a unique value while all participants profit from their engagement. In doing so, companies have to find new partners (companies, research institutes, etc.). In this article, we present a methodology to design value networks for innovations, including approaches to identify necessary competences, find suitable partners, and bundle them to powerful alternative value networks.
Keywords: innovations; inter-company collaboration; Internet of Things; value networks

Weighing the Pros and Cons of Engaging in Open Innovation - André Ullrich; Gergana Vladova (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
The positive aspects of open innovation projects are widely discussed in innovation management research and practice by means of case studies and best practices. However, enterprises, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) also face miscellaneous challenges in open innovation practice, leading to uncertainty and even renunciation of open innovation project participation. Thus, it is essential for SMEs to find the right balance between possible positive effects and negative consequences – the latter being the less studied “dark sides” of open innovation. However, appropriate methods of finding this balance are still lacking. In this article, we discuss the assessment of open innovation project participation by presenting a weighing and decision process framework as a conceivable solution approach. The framework includes an internal, external, and integrated analysis as well as a recommendation and decision phase. Piece by piece, we investigate the current situation and the innovation goals of the enterprise as an initial point for a decision for or against engaging in open innovation. Furthermore, we discuss the development of a software tool that automatically applies this framework and allows self-assessment by SMEs.
Keywords: benefits; entrepreneurship; Open innovation; open innovation participation; risks; self-assessment tool; SMEs

Why National Culture Should Be at the Heart of Innovation Management - Tony Smale (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Over a period of decades, a substantial body of knowledge has accumulated that correlates national culture and socially and economically important behaviour, including innovation practice. National culture is an interconnected web of mental models that is shared by national groups and transcends the individual. It is highly influential in moderating the cognition and behaviour of groups and individuals. Different resources, including cognition and behaviour, are required at the different stages of the innovation process, and the context, including national culture (within which innovation is practiced), is an important consideration in designing strategy. Because innovation is a psychological and social process, understanding how national culture moderates that cognition and behaviour within the different stages of the innovation process and how the wider innovation ecosystem impacts innovation practice is central to understanding, strategizing and managing the innovation process. However, there has been limited application of this knowledge by practitioners. Therefore, this article examines the importance of national culture from a practitioner perspective, distilling the managerial implications and providing a list of questions that serve as a checklist to enable practitioners to analyze the implications of their own national and organizational context.
Keywords: creativity; implementation; initiation; innovation; national culture

3D Printing and Its Disruptive Impacts on Supply Chains of the Future - Sebastian Mohr; Omera Khan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
3D printing technology has emerged as one of the most disruptive innovations to impact the global supply chain and logistics industry. The technology is impacting our personal and professional lives, with some claiming that the technology will revolutionize and replace existing manufacturing technologies, while others argue that the technology merely enhances some aspects of the production process. Whether evolutionary or revolutionary, 3D printing technology is recognized as a striking trend that will significantly impact supply chains. Although the expansion of 3D printing in the private consumer market is an interesting development in its own right, the biggest potential for disruption lies in industrial applications and how 3D printing will influence supply chains of the future. In this article, we examine the areas of the supply chain most likely to be disrupted by 3D printing technology and we identify the key questions that must be answered in a roadmap for future research and practice. While we seek answers to these questions, we suggest that managers should develop a flexible change management strategy to mitigate the effects of disruption to their future supply chains and take advantage of the resulting opportunities. Those that do nothing will be left wanting, because the influence of 3D printing technology on supply chains is expected to grow.
Keywords: 3D printing; additive manufacturing; disruptive innovation; logistics; supply chain

Agile New Service Development in an Interdisciplinary Context - Sabrina Cocca; Ann-Mareen Franke; Simone Schell (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
This article it shows the role of services in a highly interdisciplinary context: promoting cooperation between organizations in the life sciences industry and in the engineering and automation industry. It provides insights on how required offerings of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) are developed systematically based on a simple service engineering process model. In addition to the content-related view of new service development, findings from a meta-view are presented. Cooperating researchers and practitioners in the new-service development process observed their own collaboration and how the applied service engineering model had to be modified dynamically to the requirements of the use case. The results show that an easy-to-use service engineering model in a highly interdisciplinary context has benefits, but success is dependent on the joint efforts of an accordingly interdisciplinary team of engineers and natural scientists; a close communication with the customers both from the life sciences industry and the engineering and automation industry; and a more agile approach.
Keywords: agile; engineering and automation; interdisciplinarity; KIBS; knowledge-intensive business services; life sciences; new service development; service engineering

Botnet Takedown Initiatives: A Taxonomy and Performance Model - Reza Shirazi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Botnets have become one of the fastest-growing threats to the computer systems, assets, data, and capabilities relied upon by individuals and organizations worldwide. Botnet takedown initiatives are complex and as varied as the botnets themselves. However, there is no comprehensive database of botnet takedowns available to researchers and practitioners, nor is there a theoretical model to help predict the success or failure of future takedown initiatives. This article reports on the author's ongoing research that is contributing to both of these challenges and introduces a set of hypotheses relating to the performance of botnet takedown initiatives. In addition to researchers, the article will be of particular interest to personnel in technical, legal, and management functions of organizations interested in improving the quality of their communications and accelerating decision making for the purpose of launching and operating botnet takedown initiatives. It will also be of interest to entrepreneurs who wish to launch and grow cybersecurity ventures that provide solutions to botnet and malware threats.
Keywords: botnet takedowns; cyber-attacks; dismantle cybercriminal networks; disrupt online networks

Building Cyber-Resilience into Supply Chains - Adrian Davis (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
The article discusses how an organization can adopt an information-centric approach to protect its information shared in one or more supply chains; clearly communicate the expectations it has for a direct (Tier 1) supplier to protect information; and use contracts and measurement to maintain the protection desired. Building on this foundation, the concept of resilience – and that of cyber-resilience – is discussed, and how an information-centric approach can assist in creating a more cyber-resilient supply chain. Finally, the article concludes with five steps an organization can take to improve the protection of its information: i) map the supply chain; ii) build capability; iii) share information and expertise; iv) state requirements across the supply chain using standards, common frameworks, and languages; and v) measure, assess, and audit.
Keywords: cyber-resilience; cybersecurity; direct suppliers; indirect suppliers; information-centric approach; procurement; requirements; resilience; supply chain; Tier 1 suppliers

Business, Innovation, and Knowledge Ecosystems: How They Differ and How to Survive and Thrive within Them - Katri Valkokari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
In management studies, the ecosystem metaphor is often utilized without clear definition and, thereby, several partially overlapping concepts such as industrial, business, service, innovation, and knowledge ecosystems have been introduced. The purpose of this conceptual article is to go beyond the confusion to define what is meant by different concepts regarding an ecosystem and especially describe the relationships between the three different ecosystem types: business, innovation, and knowledge ecosystems. The article contributes to the literature by describing how the ecosystem types differ in terms of their outcomes, interactions, logic of action, and actor roles. The results show that the three ecosystem types are interconnected from the viewpoint of the ecosystem actor. For practitioners, the article sheds more light on how the rules of the game (i.e., the logic of action) differ in the different types of ecosystems and demonstrates that different models are needed in order to operate in different ecosystems.
Keywords: business ecosystem; communities; conceptual paper; ecosystem; innovation ecosystem; knowledge ecosystem; logic of action; man-made ecosystem; platforms

Challenges in Maritime Cyber-Resilience - Lars Jensen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
The maritime industry has been shown to be under increasing levels of cyber-attack, with future attacks having the potential to severely disrupt critical infrastructure. The industry lacks a standardized approach to cybersecurity, a national approach will be counterproductive, and a global mandatory standard, while needed, will take a long time to implement. In the shorter term, this article recommends that the industry coalesce around a set of voluntary guidelines in order to reduce the risk profile and increase resilience. To provide context for these recommendations, this article examines the specific characteristics of the maritime industry in relation to cybersecurity. Examples of existing vulnerabilities and reported cyber-attacks demonstrate that the threat is current and real.
Keywords: container; cyber-resilience; cyber-risk; CyberKeel; cybersecurity; maritime; terminal; vessel

Cities as Collaborative Innovation Platforms - Taina Tukiainen; Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
In this article, we focus on the role of a city as an orchestrator for innovation. We argue that cities should establish active dialogue with their citizens, and private and public sectors actors to co-create, develop, test, and offer service innovations that utilize diverse sets of platforms such as living labs. Our research contributes to the discussions of open and user innovations from the perspective of cities as communities that involve and integrate citizens and companies to collaborative innovation activities. While acknowledging that cities are platforms for simultaneous and divergent innovation initiatives, we identify four principal types of collaborative innovation. Cities serve as platforms for: i) improving everyday life; ii) conducting consumer and citizen experiments; iii) experimenting and implementing new technologies and services; and iv) creating new innovations and economies. Finally, we offer guidelines for fostering collaborative innovation activities between the public and private sectors.
Keywords: collaborative innovation; creative citizen; industry; Living lab; Open innovation; smart city

The City as Living Laboratory: Empowering Citizens with the Citadel Toolkit - Carina Veeckman; Shenja van der Graaf (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Lately, the concept of smart cities has been changing from a top-down and mostly technological-driven approach, towards a bottom-up process that facilitates participation and collaboration among city stakeholders. In this latter respect, the city is an ecosystem in which smart applications, open government data, and new modes of participation are fostering innovation. However, detailed analyses on how to manage bottom-up smart city initiatives, as well as descriptions of underlying challenges and barriers, are still scarce. Therefore, this article investigates four collaborative smart city initiatives in Europe to learn how cities can optimize citizen involvement in the context of public sector innovation. The analytical framework focuses on the different stakeholder roles in the ecosystem and the civic capacities to participate in the innovation process. The findings illustrate how more inclusive citizen involvement can be realized by providing different tools that align with the specific capacities and skills of the citizens. Furthermore, through specified workshop formats and peer learning, citizens lacking technical skills were also enabled to participate in the evolution of their cities, and to generate solutions from which both the city and everyday urban life can possibly benefit.
Keywords: citizen involvement; Living lab; open government data; smart city; toolkit

Contextuality and Co-Creation Matter: A Qualitative Case Study Comparison of Living Lab Concepts in Urban Research - Yvonne Franz; Karin Tausz; Sarah-Kristin Thiel (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Innovation development is key to transforming a product-based economy into an innovative service economy by integrating users as co-creators in real-life environments. User co-creation and user involvement are key elements in living labs. Urban living labs add not only the urban component to the conceptual design, but also societal, political, and technological questions. Fields of analysis in urban research relate to socio-spatial environment, living together, and urban policies. The leading question of this article is: to what extent can urban living labs be used as an instrument to support these fields of investigation? Comparing three different approaches for urban living labs, ranging from socially-centred to more technology-centred, we offer a more nuanced understanding of urban living lab design in diverging research contexts. All three case studies manage to go beyond testing and improving new products, which is normally the aim of existing living labs, by embedding innovation in appropriate social, structural, and institutional frameworks, and targeting civil society involvement. The community benefits from this case study comparison because it contextualizes living labs as research methodology to be applied in future urban research projects.
Keywords: co-creation; innovation ecosystem; participation; social innovation; urban living labs

The Creativity Canvas: A Business Model for Knowledge and Idea Management - Raouf Naggar (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Innovation depends on ideas generated through creativity and the knowledge and research that make it possible to put ideas to work. However, these two activities are very dependent on the people who perform them. As demonstrated by a pilot project realized at Hydro-Québec’s research institute (IREQ), any approach that does not take this understanding into account is doomed to failure. This article proposes that what must be developed is a knowledge and idea management system designed as a coherent ecosystem that takes all controlling factors into account and is based on stakeholder interest and preferences. This ecosystem is the result of a meticulous design of each of the elements that must generally be taken into account in a business model. A business model approach includes not only developing a value proposition for knowledge and idea management that suits the target clientele but also a good understanding of the resources and activities required to deliver this value proposition and especially the ways to finance them. Key to the development of such an ecosystem is the creation of fully functional innovation communities, which are responsible for building up and nurturing their ideas and knowledge assets and getting value out of them.
Keywords: business model; business model canvas; communities; creativity; ecosystem; ideas; knowledge; R&D; research institute; technological innovation

Cyber-Resilience: A Strategic Approach for Supply Chain Management - Luca Urciuoli (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Risk management and resilience strategies in supply chains have an important role in ensuring business continuity and reliability in a cost-efficient manner. Preventing or recovering from disruptions requires access and analysis of large amounts of data. Yet, given the multiple stakeholders, operations, and environmental contexts in which a global supply chain operates, managing risks and resilience becomes a challenging task. For this reason, information and communication technologies (ICT) are being developed to support managers with tailored tools and services to monitor disruptions, enhance instantaneous communication, and facilitate the quick recovery of supply chains. Hence, the objective of this article is to shed light on managerial strategies to improve the resilience of supply chains and thereby to point out how these could be automated by means of innovative ICT systems. In particular, this article concludes by warning about existing challenges to implementing such systems. If these challenges are not correctly addressed by managers, there is a major risk of further jeopardizing supply chains.
Keywords: cross-border trade; cyber-resilience; ICT; IT; risk management; supply chain management

Cybersecurity and Cyber-Resilient Supply Chains - Hugh Boyes (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
There has been a rapid growth in the use of communications and information technology, whether embedded in products, used to deliver services, or employed to enable integration and automation of increasingly global supply chains. Increased use of information technology introduces a number of cybersecurity risks affecting cyber-resilience of the supply chain, both in terms of the product or service delivered to a customer and supply chain operation. The situation is complicated by factors such as the global sourcing of technology components or software, ownership of the systems in a supply chain, different legal jurisdictions involved, and the extensive use of third parties to deliver critical functionality. This article examines the cyber-resilience issues related to the supply of products, services, and the supply chain infrastructure considering the nature of threats and vulnerabilities and the attributes of cybersecurity. In doing so, it applies a model for cybersecurity that is adapted from the Parkerian hexad to explore the security and trustworthiness facets of supply chain operations that may impact cyber-resilience.
Keywords: cyber-resilience; cybersecurity; risk management; supply chain; threat management

Cybersecurity Skills Training: An Attacker-Centric Gamified Approach - Mackenzie Adams; Maged Makramalla (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Although cybersecurity awareness training for employees is important, it does not provide the necessary skills training required to better protect businesses against cyber-attacks. Businesses need to invest in building cybersecurity skills across all levels of the workforce and leadership. This investment can reduce the financial burden on businesses from cyber-attacks and help maintain consumer confidence in their brands. In this article, we discuss the use of gamification methods that enable all employees and organizational leaders to play the roles of various types of attackers in an effort to reduce the number of successful attacks due to human vulnerability exploits. We combine two separate streams – gamification and entrepreneurial perspectives – for the purpose of building cybersecurity skills while emphasizing a third stream – attacker types (i.e., their resources, knowledge/skills, and motivation) – to create training scenarios. We also define the roles of attackers using various theoretical entrepreneurial perspectives. This article will be of interest to leaders who need to build cybersecurity skills into their workforce cost-effectively; researchers who wish to advance the principles and practices of gamification solutions; and suppliers of solutions to companies that wish to build cybersecurity skills in the workforce and leadership.
Keywords: cyber attackers; cybersecurity; entrepreneur; gamification; training

A Design Science Approach to Constructing Critical Infrastructure and Communicating Cybersecurity Risks - Steven Muegge; Dan Craigen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Academics are increasingly examining the approaches individuals and organizations use to construct critical infrastructure and communicate cybersecurity risks. Recent studies conclude that owners and operators of critical infrastructures, as well as governments, do not disclose reliable information related to cybersecurity risks and that cybersecurity specialists manipulate cognitive limitations to overdramatize and oversimplify cybersecurity risks to critical infrastructures. This article applies a design science perspective to the challenge of securing critical infrastructure by developing a process anchored around evidence-based design principles. The proposed process is expected to enable learning across critical infrastructures, improve the way risks to critical infrastructure are communicated, and improve the quality of the responses to citizens’ demands for their governments to collect, validate, and disseminate reliable information on cybersecurity risks to critical infrastructures. These results will be of interest to the general public, vulnerable populations, owners and operators of critical infrastructures, and various levels of governments worldwide.
Keywords: advanced persistent threats; critical infrastructures; cybersecurity; design propositions; design science; resilience

Disrupting the Disrupter: Strategic Countermeasures to Attack the Business Model of a Coercive Patent-Holding Firm - Derek Smith (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
A coercive patent-holding firm operates a business model that strategically targets firms to force unforeseen patent licensing rents. Coercive patent holders use aggressive litigation tactics to instantaneously create a complicated asymmetrical expensive problem with significant business risk. The strategy creates a dominant position by leveraging legal and business pressure to force the targeted firm into an involuntarily engagement with a coercive patent-holding firm. Such engagements can be quite profitable for the patent holders – and quite devastating for targeted firms. Thus, this article attempts to synthesize a business model framework that reveals insights concerning the profit formula, key resources, and key processes that support the dominant position of coercive patent-holding firms. Based on this framework, we further synthesize countermeasures to disrupt these business model elements and diminish the dominant position. The insights and countermeasures reveal strategic options and tactics that can be leveraged against the business model of a coercive patent-holding firm to alter the dominant position and improve the business situation of the targeted firm.
Keywords: business model; business model framework; coercive patent holder; countermeasures; intellectual property; non-practicing entity; NPE; patent; patent arsenal; patent office policy; patent shark; patent troll

Do Actions Matter More than Resources? A Signalling Theory Perspective on the Technology Entrepreneurship Process - Ferran Giones; Francesc Miralles (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
This article studies how technology-based entrepreneurs manage to transform their ideas into viable businesses, regardless of their resource limitations and the complexity and dynamics of technology-intense contexts. To describe how entrepreneurs unlock the value proposition that makes a technology useful, we adopt a set of lenses that allow us to view what happens on both sides of the market. In this context, we need to look beyond the resources to explain the weight that entrepreneur’s actions carry on the technology entrepreneurship process. In this article, we use a multiple case study on three new technology-based firms to explore how their actions can be interpreted as valuable market signals. The results suggest that entrepreneurs strategically use market, technology, and social capital signalling to mitigate uncertainty and advance in the technology entrepreneurship process. This research holds implications for academic research on the integration of resource and demand-side views, as well as for entrepreneurs and practitioners interested in understanding the impact of visible actions in the early stages of a new technology-based venture.
Keywords: market signals; opportunity exploitation; opportunity exploration; signalling theory; social capital signals; technology entrepreneurship; technology signals

Editorial: 100th Issue (November 2015) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: 3D printing; born-global firms; collaborative innovation; cybersafety; cybersecurity; cyberspace; future research; innovation; lean global startups; lean startups; management; Open innovation; social innovation; supply chains; technology; technology innovation management review; TIM Review

Editorial: Creativity in Innovation (July 2015) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: creativity; ideation; innovation; knowledge; leadership; management; processes

Editorial: Critical Infrastructures and Cybersecurity (June 2015) - Chris McPhee; Dan Craigen; Steven Muegge (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: botnet; club theory; critical infrastructure; cybersecurity; design principles; design science; healthcare; networked medical devices; project management maturity model

Editorial: Cyber-Resilience in Supply Chains (April 2015) - Chris McPhee; Omera Khan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: cyber-attacks; cyber-resilience; cyber-risk; cybersecurity; resilience; supply chains

Editorial: Cybersecurity (January 2015) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: automotive manufacturing; botnet takedowns; botnets; commercialization; critical infrastructure; cyber-attacks; cybersecurity; employee training; gamification; Internet; outsourcing; quantum key distribution

Editorial: Innovation Tools and Techniques (March 2015) - Chris McPhee; Brendan Galbraith; Nadia Noori (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: innovation; lean; living labs; management; processes; project management; risk; signalling; smart cities; systems engineering; techniques; technology entrepreneurship; tools

Editorial: Insights (August 2015) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: business ecosystems; developing countries; drawing; enterprise gamification; innovation ecosystems; public–private innovation networks; women entrepreneurship; knowledge ecosystems; poverty alleviation; strategy communication

Editorial: Insights (May 2015) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: business ecosystems; cybersecurity; Innovation management; Internet of Things; non-practicing entities; open source policies; open source software; patent trolls; social innovation; transformative innovation

Editorial: Insights (September 2015) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: cognitive computing; collaborative design; competence; competence-based view; coordination; entrepreneurial marketing; entrepreneurship; IBM Watson; innovation activities; living labs; Open innovation; opportunity identification; user adoption

Editorial: Living Labs and User Innovation (December 2015) - Chris McPhee; Seppo Leminen; Dimitri Schuurman; Mika Westerlund; Eelko Huizingh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: business models; closed innovation; context; crowdsourcing; innovation networks; living labs; Open innovation; spaces and places; urban living labs; user innovation

Editorial: Smart Cities and Regions (October 2015) - Chris McPhee; Taina Tukiainen; Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: collaboration; ecosystems; innovation ecosystem; living laboratories; living labs; Open innovation; regional innovation; smart cities; smart regions; smart specialisation; smart specialization; sustainability; urban capabilities

Editorial: Technology in Service Innovation (February 2015) - Chris McPhee; Stephen L. Vargo; Marja Toivonen; Risto Rajala (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: customer experience; electronic procurement; employee-driven innovation; knowledge-intensive business services; personal health systems; service innovation; system innovation; technology; value co-creation

The Emergence of the Lean Global Startup as a New Type of Firm - Erik Stavnsager Rasmussen; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
This article contributes to the interplay between international entrepreneurship, innovation networks, and early internationalization research by emphasizing the need to conceptualize and introduce a new type of firm: the lean global startup. It discussed two different paths in linking the lean startup and born-global internationalization strategies. The first path refers to generic lean startups that have undertaken a rapid internationalization strategy (i.e., lean-to-global startups). The second path refers to startups that have started operating on global scale since their inception and adopted the lean startup approach by seamlessly synergizing their global and lean product development activities. The article emphasizes several aspects that could be used as part of the theoretical foundation for conceptualizing lean global startups as a special new type of firm: i) the emergent nature of their business models, including the challenges of partnership development on a global scale; ii) the inherently relational nature of the global resource allocation processes; iii) the integration of the entrepreneurial, effectuation, and global marketing perspectives; iv) the need to deal with a high degree of uncertainty, including the uncertainty associated with cross-border business operations; and v) linking the ex-ante characteristics of lean startups with the ex-post characteristics of born-global firms in order to develop a technology adoption marketing perspective that considers the “crossing the chasm” process as a successful entry into a global market niche.
Keywords: born global firm; early internationalization; effectuation theory; hypothesis-driven entrepreneurship; international entrepreneurship; lean and global start-up; lean and global startup; lean startup; technology adoption lifecycle

Establishing New Codes for Creativity through Haute Cuisine: The Case of Ferran Adrià and elBulli - Ignasi Capdevila; Patrick Cohendet; Laurent Simon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Ferran Adrià is one of the most recognized chefs in the world. His restaurant, elBulli, was awarded five times the title of the Best Restaurant in the World. Through an analysis of the last 30 years of the creative journey of elBulli, this contribution highlights that Adrià and his team of chefs succeeded in articulating two different processes: i) a process of creativity that aimed at defining a new “school” of high cuisine and ii) a process of innovation that was expressed by the new gastronomic experiences offered to the (happy few) customers of the restaurant until its closure in 2011. A careful examination of the coupling and decoupling of these two processes shows how they fueled each other, and how the management of the organization (through a specific type of ambidexterity) was conducive to the adequate articulation of the two processes.
Keywords: ambidexterity; creative process; creativity; elBulli; exploitation; exploration; Ferran Adrià; gastronomy; haute cuisine; innovation

Exploring the Benefits of Integrating Business Model Research within Living Lab Projects - Olivier Rits; Dimitri Schuurman; Pieter Ballon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Business model and living lab research both have similar objectives – to maximize the probability of successful market introduction of innovative solutions – be it through different means. Yet, there are still only few studies or reports discussing both, with those studies that do touch the subject staying at a high level. iMinds Living Labs has gained a lot of experience in combined living lab and business model innovation projects and, rather than being competing approaches, our results have shown that these two research methodologies can be complementary, where the combined approach turns out to be more powerful than each individual approach used alone. The goal of this article is to promote the inclusion of business model research in a model of "a living lab as a service" (and vice versa) by explaining the benefits and by introducing a practical framework to implement such combined research tracks based on the experience at iMinds Living Labs over the past few years.
Keywords: business model; collaboration; innovation; living labs; user research; value network; value proposition

Governance Solutions for Wicked Problems: Metropolitan Innovation Ecosystems as Frontrunners to Sustainable Well-Being - Timo J. Hämäläinen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
The growing specialization and interdependence of societies as well as their rapid technological and economic transformation have increased the level of uncertainty and complexity in decision making and the role of wicked problems in policy making. This article analyzes the nature and evolution of wicked problems and argues that they stem from the gap between the complexity of the policy problem and the variety of the corresponding governance arrangements. This complexity gap can be closed with new governance solutions that include participation, interaction, and cooperation among stakeholders; collective learning processes; coordination by mutual adjustment and clear systemic direction, decentralization, diversity, and experimentation; and effective measures to overcome system rigidities and development bottlenecks. For several reasons, cities and metropolitan areas provide ideal ecosystems for addressing wicked problems. They have the requisite variety of resources, capabilities and services, physical proximity that facilitates rich face-to-face communication, learning and cooperation, as well as the right scope for producing and experimenting with the necessary public goods and services. The article concludes by arguing that Finland could become a global frontrunner in solving wicked problems in policy making by adopting a strategy of sustainable well-being. This strategy would build on the world-class well-being knowledge within the Finnish welfare state and the rapidly growing international research on subjective well-being and happiness.
Keywords: cities; complexity; governance; sustainability; well-being; wicked problem

The Grey Areas Between Open and Closed in Innovation Networks - Seppo Leminen; Taija Turunen; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
This study argues that there are different degrees of openness and closedness in innovation activity, and it highlights the need for more research on the "grey areas" between totally open and totally closed innovation, particularly in innovation networks where multiple stakeholders collaborate for innovation. Here, we focus on four key aspects of innovation networks, as characterized by their degrees of openness or closedness: governance, motivation, interaction, and innovation practices. The categorization is based on a review of theory and an empirical analysis of three distinct innovation networks, two of which represent the open living lab model, and one of which exemplifies the traditional closed innovation model. Our results can help managers improve efficiency in innovation networks by better understanding the grey areas between open and closed in innovation.
Keywords: closedness; innovation; innovation network; Living lab; Open innovation; openness

Identifying the Challenges in Commercializing High Technology: A Case Study of Quantum Key Distribution Technology - Anas Al Natsheh; Saheed A. Gbadegeshin; Antti Rimpiläinen; Irna Imamovic-Tokalic; Andrea Zambrano (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
This article examines the challenges in commercializing high technologies successfully and sustainably using quantum key distribution (QKD) technology as a case study. Quantum communication is increasingly relevant to cybersecurity and nanotechnology, which will replace current technologies and change the way we live. To understand how such high technology could be successfully commercialized, we interviewed individuals from four metrology institutions and two international companies. The result revealed that scattered and small markets, supply chain development, technology validation/certification, a lack of available or adequate infrastructure, and after-sales services are the most serious challenges facing successful commercialization of quantum communication technology. To validate these challenges, we conducted a survey of 60 experts, 49 of whom agreed that above-mentioned factors could affect the commercialization success of QKD technology. Likewise, the survey revealed that technical development, customer orientation/awareness, and government regulations could also hinder the commercialization of QKD technology.
Keywords: after-sales services; certification; challenges; commercialization; high technology; infrastructure; market size; quantum key distribution; standards; supply chains

Implementation Prerequisites for Electronic Procurement of Services - Ute Reuter (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Service procurement is a business function of increasing importance and is highly suitable for integration of electronic support, but it suffers from severe research deficits. As yet, implementation prerequisites for electronic procurement of services are obscure and not quantifiable. In this research project, organization, formalization, and specialization of procurement and standardization and strategic importance of the procured services are identified as relevant implementation prerequisites. Measurement models for these prerequisites are established and proven through quantitative empirical research. As such, this article is a major step towards a more rigorous investigation of electronic procurement of services.
Keywords: digitalization; electronic procurement; implementation; improvement; process innovation; procurement; purchasing; service management; service procurement

Innovation on the Open Sea: Examining Competence Transfer and Open Innovation in the Design of Offshore Vessels - Odd Jarl Borch; Marina Z. Solesvik (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
In this article, we discuss the role of open innovation in collaborative design processes in mature industries such as the shipping industry. We examine the design of high-tech offshore service vessels in environments characterized by high volatility and complexity. We elaborate on the role that accumulating and sharing core competences plays in speeding up the innovation process and increasing product value. We present a longitudinal case study of a shipping company implementing an open innovation approach that integrates its own core competences in offshore operations with the competences of ship designers and ship builders to develop a new design for challenging environments. In this article, we draw on an open innovation approach and a competence-based view to demonstrate how the firm can "reach out" to gain novel competences related to innovation, which may transform the competitive environment to the firm’s advantage. The article would be useful to innovation scholars and practitioners who work with innovative product development.
Keywords: Arctic; cooperative design; core competencies; offshore operations; Open innovation; shipbuilding

Introduction to the Special Issue on Creativity in Innovation - Patrick Cohendet; Laurent Simon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Managing creativity for innovation is a key challenge in today’s economy; therefore, the management of ideas will play in increasing role in driving the growth and resilience of organizations. Rather than simple inspired insights, ideas have to be addressed as complex socio-cognitive processes, to be organized and managed. To benefit from the full value of new ideas, management must constantly balance the formal and the informal, the logic of creation and the logic of production, and must learn to couple idea-generation processes and innovation processes through renewed knowledge management practices. In this introduction to the Technology Innovation Management Review's special issue on Creativity in Innovation, the guest editors highlight the need to manage: i) ideation processes to foster creativity, ii) the tension that exists between the logic of creation and production; and iii) disruptive innovation to transform a traditional industry.
Keywords: creativity; ideas; ideation; innovation; management

Lessons in Creativity from the Innovative Design of the Swatch - Gilles Garel (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
No space is off-limits to innovation, even those occupied for many years by leading players and proven solutions. The case of the innovative Swatch watch, re-examined in this article with new information and insights, demonstrates that, without knowledge, design is not possible; but, with only knowledge, all we can do is reproduce. Innovation also requires creativity, the introduction of new concepts. Knowledge needs to be associated with unbridled, surprising, and hitherto unknown creativity, as described by the concept-knowledge theory of design. In this article, a new analysis of the well-known but misunderstood case of the Swatch yield lessons about the importance of creativity and knowledge in developing innovative products.
Keywords: concept; creativity; design; engineering; innovation; knowledge; Swatch

Level Up Your Strategy: Towards a Descriptive Framework for Meaningful Enterprise Gamification - Umar Ruhi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Gamification initiatives are currently top-of-mind for many organizations seeking to engage their employees in creative ways, improve their productivity, and drive positive behavioural outcomes in their workforce – ultimately leading to positive business outcomes on the whole. Despite its touted benefits, little empirical research has been done to date to investigate technological and individual personal factors that determine the success or failure of enterprise gamification initiatives. In this article, we provide a summary of our preliminary research findings from three case studies of gamification initiatives across different business contexts and present an empirically validated descriptive framework that details the key success factors for enterprise gamification. Our adaptation of the mechanics, dynamics, and aesthetics (MDA) framework for enterprise gamification aims to explicate the connections between end-user motivations, interactive gameplay elements, and technology features and functions that constitute effective gamification interventions in the enterprise. Following a discussion of the core elements in the framework and their interrelationships, the implications of our research are presented in the form of guidelines for the management and design of gamification initiatives and applications. The research findings presented in this article can potentially aid in the development of game mechanics that translate into positive user experiences and foster higher levels of employee engagement. Additionally, our research findings provide insights on key success factors for the effective adoption and institutionalization of enterprise gamification initiatives in organizations, and subsequently help them enhance the performance of their employees and drive positive business outcomes.
Keywords: aesthetics; behaviour change; dynamics; enterprise gamification; gameful design; gamification; human-computer interaction; mechanics; persuasive technologies; user experience

Leveraging Living Lab Innovation Processes through Crowdsourcing - Anna Ståhlbröst; Josefin Lassinantti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Around the globe, crowdsourcing initiatives are emerging and contributing in a diversity of areas, such as in crisis management and product development and to carry out micro-tasks such as translations and transcriptions. The essence of crowdsourcing is to acknowledge that not all the talented people work for you; hence, crowdsourcing brings more perspectives, insights, and visions to, for instance, an innovation process. In this article, we analyze how crowdsourcing can contribute to the different stages of innovation processes carried out in living labs and thus contribute to living labs by strengthening their core role as innovation process facilitators. We have also identified benefits and challenges that need to be grappled with for managers of living labs to make it possible for the crowd to fully support their cause.
Keywords: citizen; crowdsourcing; ICT; innovation process; Living lab; user

Luxury and Creativity: Exploration, Exploitation, or Preservation? - Joanne Roberts; John Armitage (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
This article considers the role of creativity in the production and delivery of luxury. The concept of creativity is closely aligned to the idea of luxury goods as rare and highly crafted, often unique, objects produced through artistic endeavour. Moreover, some luxuries, such as expensive cars and private jets, require leading-edge design and technologically advanced inputs. Although creativity is essential for the development of new luxury goods and services, this article highlights that some luxuries are timeless and eschew the changes associated with radical creative transformations. Following a brief discussion of the nature of luxury and creativity, a number of examples are employed to illustrate the different roles of creativity in the development and delivery of different types of luxury. The relationship between luxury and creativity is shown to be varied and complex.
Keywords: craftsmanship; creativity; innovation; knowledge; luxury

Making Smart Regions Smarter: Smart Specialization and the Role of Universities in Regional Innovation Ecosystems - Markku Markkula; Hank Kune (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
What makes a "smart region" smarter? We argue that it is the active orchestration of the regional ecosystem around concepts such as knowledge co-creation and exploitation, opportunity exploration, and capacity building. Simply adding to the proliferation of software developers in the area, stimulating the activities of business clusters around information technology, and providing digitally enabled services for citizens is not enough to make a region smarter. Smartness is enhanced by a well-orchestrated regional innovation ecosystem with a strong "smart specialization strategy" that leverages the new societal roles played by universities. In this article, we describe the European Commission’s program for research and innovation strategies for smart specialization (RIS3) and show how the Helsinki Region in Finland is using smart specialization, ecosystem orchestration, and the active role of universities to enhance regional innovation and the "smartness" of the region. These activities are discussed in the context of policy documents and strategy papers from regional, national, and European authorities, which illustrates some differences between papers and practice. This is work in progress, and based on early results, we draw initial conclusions about how putting policy into practice can make smart regions smarter.
Keywords: innovation; innovation ecosystems; quadruple helix; role of universities; smart cities; smart regions; smart specialisation; smart specialization; societal innovation; triple helix

A Method and Tool to Support the Management of Systems Engineering Projects - Claude Baron; Philippe Esteban; Rui Xue; Daniel Esteve; Michel Malbert (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Too many industrial projects still fail, mainly due to the managerial techniques used. Indeed, organizational processes are more or less specifically mentioned in systems engineering standards, but in practice, project managers tend to rely more on their own standards, which sometimes set forth practices that do not align with those of the systems engineering domain, hence the reported discrepancies that very often lead to project failure. Thus, we argue that, to improve the companies’ competitiveness when developing new products, cooperation between processes related to system development and project management is key to achieving performance and success. This article presents arguments that tend to support this assertion and introduces an ongoing project to develop both a method and tool that aim to integrate both domains.
Keywords: collaborative engineering; decision support; engineering processes; project management; system design; systems engineering; systems engineering standards

Optimizing Innovation with the Lean and Digitize Innovation Process - Bernardo Nicoletti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Actionable knowledge to improve innovation and bring value to the customers and organizations is essential in today's economy. In the past, there have attempts to apply Lean Thinking and Six Sigma to the innovation processes, with mixed results. The aim of this article is discuss how to improve innovation processes using the Lean and Digitize Innovation process, which integrates digitization into the Lean Six Sigma method. Through the redesign of innovation processes and their automation, the process aims to add value to customers, improve effectiveness, eliminate waste, minimize operating costs, and reduce time-to-market. This new method is characterized by seven stages, or "the 7 Ds" (define, discover, design, develop, digitize, deploy, and diffusion), with 29 steps. This article describes the Lean and Digitize Innovation process and presents cases where the approach has been successful in helping innovation processes from start to end: from the definition of the value for the customers up to the implementation of a prototype and engineering of the delivery processes.
Keywords: agile innovation; Innovation management; lean and digitize; lean innovation; lean six sigma; re-engineering

Orchestrators of Innovation-Driven Regional Development: Experiences from the INNOFOKUS Project and Change2020 Programme - Mervi Rajahonka; Toni Pienonen; Riikka Kuusisto; Jari Handelberg (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
The article takes a practical view of regional innovation ecosystems and presents ways to advance more efficient uses of public funding instruments by regional developers. Documenting the views of Finnish regional developers into two workbooks and a toolbox, the results of the INNOFOKUS project and its Change2020 development programme identified that promoting a high-impact project culture and smart specialization in Finland requires a continuous learning and participation process. Key individuals who can make this happen are innovation orchestrators who facilitate activities and compose the big picture. This article aims to bring forth an overview of the building blocks of an enriching and energizing environment and high-impact projects, and it presents an overview of how to enable the work of innovation orchestrators, who play a critical role in facilitating innovation ecosystems.
Keywords: agile project development; experimentation-driven development; high-impact projects; orchestrator; regional development; regional innovation ecosystem; smart specialisation; smart specialization

The Organization of Living Labs: Coordinating Activities for Regional Innovation - Bernhard R. Katzy; Claudia Bücker (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
This article contributes to the ongoing knowledge from the first decade of operating living labs with a study on the coordination of novel innovation activities in living labs. The article provides an organizational model for living labs to order the activities that eventually will allow the conceptualization of living labs as innovation systems, thus giving user involvement a more central role in innovation process theories. This article shows how innovation networks systematically align their activities to reliably achieve their objectives. Next to this interpretivist theoretical contribution, the article contributes relevant practical insights to technology innovation management practitioners based on in-depth living lab cases that exhibit interesting, relevant, and new activities.
Keywords: activities; co-creation; ideation; innovation systems; living labs; processes; venturing

Personal Health Systems Technologies: Critical Issues in Service Innovation and Diffusion - Doris Schartinger; Ian Miles; Ozcan Saritas; Effie Amanatidou; Susanne Giesecke; Barbara Heller-Schuh; Laura Pombo-Juarez; Günter Schreier (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Personal health system (PHS) technologies can enhance public and private health service delivery and provide new business opportunities in Europe and around the world. Although much PHS technology has already been developed and could potentially provide virtually everyone with access to personalized healthcare, research driven primarily by a technology push may fail, because it fails to situate PHS within the wider health and social care service systems. In this article, we explore the scattered PHS research and innovation landscape, as well its relevant markets, using several types of analyses: bibliometrics, patent analysis, social network analysis, stakeholder workshops, and interviews. Our analyses aim to identify critical issues in the development and implementation of service systems around PHS technologies.
Keywords: ehealth; foresight studies; health and social care; healthcare; innovation ecosystem; mhealth; personal health systems; service innovation; service systems; stakeholders; system design; technology adoption

Places and Spaces within Living Labs - Birgitta Bergvall-Kåreborn; Carina Ihlström Eriksson; Anna Ståhlbröst (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
In this article, we propose the concepts of places and spaces as conceptual tools to facilitate the organization of innovation activities within living labs. We have taken a pragmatic perspective on these concepts regarding how they are integrated in design situations, and how different types of places and spaces can facilitate or hinder innovation. We have found that, by applying openness, realism, and influence in the different spaces of our living lab milieus, they have transformed into many different places depending on the stakeholders involved, the methods chosen, and the facilitation of activities. Hence, by understanding this line of reasoning, living lab managers can make more informed decisions and plans for innovation activities.
Keywords: influence; Living lab; openness; place; realism; space

Q&A. Does a Software Development Firm Need an Open Source Policy? - Hassib Khanafer (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: open source license compliance; open source management; security vulnerabilities

Q&A. How Can I Secure My Digital Supply Chain? - Richard Wilding; Malcolm Wheatley (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: cyber-crime; cybersecurity; intellectual property protection; IT security management; supply chain risk; supply chain security

Q&A. In the Innovation Game, Why Do So Many Companies Stay on the Sidelines? - Katri Valkokari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: co-creation; co-innovation; collaboration; innovation; lead users; Open innovation; open source

Q&A. Should the Internet Be Considered Critical Infrastructure? - Walter Miron (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: communication networks; critical infrastructure; cyber-attacks; cybersecurity; information technology; Internet; vulnerabilities

Q&A. What Are Living Labs? - Seppo Leminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: benefits; definition; innovation systems; living labs; Open innovation; types

Reflecting on 100 Issues of the TIM Review - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
First launched in 2007, the Technology Innovation Management Review has now reached the milestone of 100 issues. This article looks back over these first 100 issues, the themes they covered, trends in authorship and readership, and future opportunities and challenges for the journal.
Keywords: business; entrepreneurship; innovation; journal; management; Open Source Business Resource; OSBR; technology; technology innovation management review; TIM Review

Representing Botnet-Enabled Cyber-Attacks and Botnet Takedowns Using Club Theory - Olukayode Adegboyega (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
A model for executing and resisting botnet-enabled cyber-attacks and botnet takedowns does not exist. The lack of this representation results in ineffective and inefficient organizational decision making and learning, hampers theory development, and obfuscates the discourse about the “best-case” scenarios for the future of the online world. In this article, a club theory model for botnet-enabled cyber-attacks and botnet takedowns is developed. Initiatives to execute and resist botnet-enabled cyber-attacks and botnet takedowns are conceptualized as collective actions carried out by individuals and groups organized into four types of Internet-linked clubs: Attacker, Defender, Botbeheader, and Botmaster. Five scenarios of botnet-enabled cyber-attacks and five scenarios of botnet takedowns are examined to identify the specific dimensions of the three constructs and provide examples of the values in each dimension. The developed theory provides insights into the clubs, thereby paving the way for more effective botnet mitigation strategies. This research will be of particular interest to executives and functional personnel of heterogeneous organizations who are interested in improving the quality of their communications and accelerating decision making when solving botnet-related problems. Researchers applying club theory to examine collective actions of organizations linked by the Internet will also be interested in this research. Although club theory has been applied to solve problems in many fields, this is the first effort to apply it to botnet-related problems.
Keywords: botmaster; botnet; botnet takedown; collective action; cyber-attack; cybersecurity

The Role of Self-Service Mobile Technologies in the Creation of Customer Travel Experiences - Chaoren Lu; Wei Geng; Iris Wang (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Through the use of self-service mobile devices, the traditional marketplace interaction is being replaced by a marketspace transaction, in which the foundation of customer-company interaction has changed. This article discusses the main actors of experiencial value creation through the physical world and virtual world in the context of transport service. The empirical data is collected from semi-structured interviews with 19 young urban transport commuters. The results show that self-service mobile devices enhance the information accessibility for passengers to create customized travel experiences through a closer interaction with other actors, including transport service providers, transport-related service providers, and other passengers. Moreover, the scope of travel experience was expanded beyond the traditional service encounter both temporally and spatially. This article is an exploration of the influence of self-service mobile devices in the changing roles of customers and companies. A key message is that executives must pay attention to how their companies create experience value in both the physical world and the virtual world, separately or in combination.
Keywords: customer experience; mobile technology; self-service device; travel experience; value co-creation

Scaling Spatial Transformation: Smart Specialization of Urban Capabilities in the Helsinki Region - Renita Niemi; Eelis Rytkönen; Robert Eriksson; Suvi Nenonen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Societies are shifting towards more complex structures and agile networks through spatial transformation. That shift affects the ways in which citizens interact with and within their physical and virtual surroundings. The interactions define purposes for the modern hybrid spaces, depending on individual demands in relation to space and time. As facilities per se are becoming less relevant, spatial concepts and service that support, attract, and engage modern individuals must be invented. The capabilities of user-orientated processes are important in terms of connectivity, co-creation, and communication, involvement in change, and control as well as governance. This article explores the potential scaling in diverse spatial transformations and summarizes the lessons learned from managing a campus as a small city to managing a larger-scale urban area. The study uses a case study methodology: the data was collected through interviews and document analysis. The framework of five urban capabilities (5Cs), which were initially introduced by the urbanist John Worthington, guided the content analysis of data. The results indicate that the lessons learned in the diverse urban projects can be scaled from a minor urban-area campus to a large urban area. Users of spaces have a need and will to collaborate, co-create, and impact their environments. This view expands the roles of decision makers and planners to controlling the uses of spaces for supporting grassroot initiatives. Consequently, active citizens engage and contribute, which can be a driving force for co-creation, shared ownership, and attractiveness of small- and large-scale areas.
Keywords: campus management; hybrid spaces; mobile work; scaling businesses; urban development and management

Secure by Design: Cybersecurity Extensions to Project Management Maturity Models for Critical Infrastructure Projects - Jay Payette; Esther Anegbe; Erika Caceres; Steven Muegge (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Many systems that comprise our critical infrastructures – including electricity, transportation, healthcare, and financial systems – are designed and deployed as information technology (IT) projects using project management practices. IT projects provide a one-time opportunity to securely "design in" cybersecurity to the IT components of critical infrastructures. The project management maturity models used by organizations today to assess the quality and rigour of IT project management practices do not explicitly consider cybersecurity. This article makes three contributions to address this gap. First, it develops the argument that cybersecurity can and should be a concern of IT project managers and assessed in the same way as other project management capabilities. Second, it examines three widely used cybersecurity maturity models – i) the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) framework for improving critical infrastructure cybersecurity, ii) the United States Department of Energy’s Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (C2M2), and iii) the CERT Resilience Management Model (CERT RMM) from the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute – to identify six cybersecurity themes that are salient to IT project management. Third, it proposes a set of cybersecurity extensions to PjM3, a widely-deployed project management maturity model. The extensions take the form of a five-level cybersecurity capability perspective that augments the seven standard perspectives of the PjM3 by explicitly assessing project management capabilities that impact the six themes where IT project management and cybersecurity intersect. This article will be relevant to IT project managers, the top management teams of organizations that design and deploy IT systems for critical infrastructures, and managers at organizations that provide and maintain critical infrastructures.
Keywords: C2M2; capability maturity models; CERT RMM; critical infrastructures; cybersecurity; NIST; P3M3; PjM3; project management

Securing Cyberspace: Towards an Agenda for Research and Practice - Renaud Levesque; D’Arcy Walsh; David Whyte (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
In this article, we seek to identify the important challenges preventing security in cyberspace and to identify the key questions that nations should set out to answer to play a leading role in securing cyberspace. An important assertion is that the challenge of securing cyberspace transcends the abilities of any single entity and requires a radical shift in our approach in how: i) research is conducted, ii) cybersecurity researchers are educated, iii) new defendable systems are developed, and iv) effective defensive countermeasures are deployed. Our response draws upon extensive source material and our personal experiences as cybersecurity professionals contributing to the establishment of the VENUS Cybersecurity Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation that aims to make Canada a global leader in cybersecurity. We view the challenge to be global and transdisciplinary in nature and this article to be of relevance world-wide to senior decision makers, policy makers, managers, educators, strategists, futurists, scientists, technologists, and others interested in shaping the online world of the future.
Keywords: Canada; challenges; countermeasures; cyber security; cybersafety; cybersecurity; cyberspace; detection; Internet of Things; leadership; mitigation; research; security

Securing the Car: How Intrusive Manufacturer-Supplier Approaches Can Reduce Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities - Mohamed Amin; Zaid Tariq (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Today's vehicles depend on numerous complex software systems, some of which have been developed by suppliers and must be integrated using "glue code" so that they may function together. However, this method of integration often introduces cybersecurity vulnerabilities at the interfaces between electronic systems. In this article we address the “glue code problem” by drawing insights from research on supplier-manufacturer outsourcing relationships in the automotive industry. The glue code problem can be framed as a knowledge coordination problem between manufactures and suppliers. Car manufacturers often employ different levels of intrusiveness in the design of car subsystems by their suppliers: the more control over the supplier the manufacturer exerts in the design of the subsystem, the more intrusive the manufacturer is. We argue that high intrusiveness by car manufacturers in defining module interfaces and subcomponents for suppliers would lead to more secure cars.
Keywords: automobile manufacturing; car design; control; cybersecurity; glue code; governance; intrusiveness; outsourcing; supplier; supplier-manufacturer relationships; vulnerabilities

Setting the Stage for Collaborative Creative Leadership at Cirque du Soleil - Laurent Simon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Debates about the nature of leadership for creativity have been ongoing since the 1950s. But, despite the central role leadership plays in the management of creative processes, few contributions highlight the actual practice of leadership for collaborative creative ventures. This interview with the Director of Acrobatics and Coaching at Cirque du Soleil addresses the reflexive experience of a creative leader faced with the challenges of integrating multiple expertises around complex, technological, human, and poly-sensorial creative performances. In this context, leadership for collaborative creativity appears as a constant and dynamic balancing act between people, ideas, deliverables, and the position and personality of the leader.
Keywords: Cirque du Soleil; collaboration; creativity; innovation; leadership

Supply Chain Cyber-Resilience: Creating an Agenda for Future Research - Omera Khan; Daniel A. Sepúlveda Estay (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Supply chains have become more vulnerable in recent years, and high-profile cyber-attacks that have crippled the supply chains of well-known companies reveal that the point of entry for hackers is often through the weakest link in the chain. Exacerbated by growing complexity and the need to be visible, these supply chains share vital streams of information every minute of the day, thereby becoming an easy and highly lucrative target for talented criminals, causing financial losses as well as damaging brand reputation and value. Companies must therefore invest in supply chain capabilities to withstand cyber-attacks (i.e., cyber-resilience) in order to guard against potential threats. They must also embrace the reality that this often-unknown dimension of risk is the "new normal". Although interest on this topic has grown in the business world, less has been reported by the academic community. One reason for this could be due to the convergence of two different disciplines, information technology and supply chains, where supply chain cyber-risk and cyber-resilience appear to have a natural fit. The topic of cyber-resilience in supply chains is still in early stages of development, and this is one of the first journals to focus a special issue on it. Currently, the closest academic literature is within the realms of supply chain risk and resilience, where numerous models and frameworks exist. In this article, this literature is explored to identify whether these models can incorporate the dimension of cyber-risk and cyber-resilience. In doing so, we create a research agenda for supply chain cyber-resilience and provide recommendations for both academia and practice.
Keywords: cyber-risk; cybersecurity; resilience; supply chain management; theoretical foundation

Sustainable Innovation: A Competitive Advantage for Innovation Ecosystems - Kaisa Oksanen; Antti Hautamäki (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
In this article, we elaborate the emerging concept of sustainable innovation and analyze the relevance of innovation as a means to solve wicked problems and enhancing sustainable well-being. We also examine the changing conditions for innovation creation: building global knowledge hubs and local innovation ecosystems. As a result, the drivers of innovation and opportunities to utilize the untapped innovation potential of people outside traditional innovation contexts are expanded and diversified. Ultimately, the success of sustainable innovation constitutes its impact on the well-being of people and vice versa: sustainable well-being is an important source of innovation and growth. The article adds to the conceptual development of sustainable innovation and its motivation, which lies in combining competitiveness, the well-being of people, and inclusive solutions.
Keywords: innovation; innovation ecosystem; sustainability; sustainable innovation; well-being

Technological Public–Private Innovation Networks: A Conceptual Framework Describing Their Structure and Mechanism of Interaction - Rabeh Morrar (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Technological public–private innovation networks, or TechPPINs, enable cooperation between public and private actors in a complex, dynamic, social, and interactive network structure. In this article, the literature on innovation networks is used to construct a conceptual framework that describes the structure and mechanism of interaction in technological public–private innovation networks. In the framework, innovation is created through a dynamic process of interaction between the public and private actors along the network lifecycle. In each stage of network lifecycle, social capital enables various interactions to occur and different modes and quantities of knowledge and technological resources to be exchanged and reinforced. Through a combination of the product lifecycle model and social network analysis, the structure of technological public-private innovation networks are examined at each stage of the lifecycle to reveal information about how the roles of public and private actors are embodied.
Keywords: conceptual framework; innovation networks; network lifecycle; networks; public–private partnership; social network analysis; technological public–private innovation networks; TechPPINs

A Technology-Assisted Design Methodology for Employee-Driven Innovation in Services - Kentaro Watanabe; Ken Fukuda; Takuichi Nishimura (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
The role of employees is becoming more important in managing complex service processes and in serving the variety of customer needs in the service industry. Within efforts to promote innovation in service fields, employee-driven innovation and service design are gaining attention. Though the relationship between employee-driven innovation and service design has been discussed, the effectiveness of service-design methodologies for employee-driven innovation has not been studied sufficiently. In this article, we propose a technology-assisted design methodology to promote employee-driven innovation in services. Through our case study at an elderly-care facility, we confirmed that the proposed design methodology assisted by the communication support system could trigger employee-driven innovation and expand its influence in the service field.
Keywords: design methodology; employee-driven innovation; observation; representation; service design; service innovation

TIM Lecture Series – Communicating Strategy: How Drawing Can Create Better Engagement - Stephen Cummings (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: communicating; drawing; frameworks; illustrations; strategic management; strategy; SWOT; visual communication

TIM Lecture Series – Creating Life-Saving Media as a Social Entrepreneur - Firdaus Kharas (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: animation; culture shift; film; global health; humanitarian; media; public health; social entrepreneurship; social innovation; societal issues

TIM Lecture Series – Improving the Self-Service Customer Experience: The Case of IBM Watson and Purple Forge - Brian Hurley (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: apps; cognitive computing; IBM Watson; mobile platforms; natural language; Purple Forge; question and answer; self-service; virtual agent; voice recognition

TIM Lecture Series – The Expanding Cybersecurity Threat - Cheri F. McGuire (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: antivirus; cyber-attacks; cyber-espionage; cyber-threats; cybersecurity; data breaches; malware; private-public partnerships; ransomware; scareware; social engineering; Symantec

TIM Lecture Series – The Internet of Everything: Fridgebots, Smart Sneakers, and Connected Cars - Jeff Greene (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: Consumer Internet of Things; cyber-attacks; cybersecurity; hackers; Industrial Internet; Internet of Everything; Internet of Things; IOT

TIM Lecture Series – Three Collaborations Enabling Cybersecurity - Deborah Frincke; Dan Craigen; Ned Nadima; Arthur Low; Michael Thomas (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: book launch; collaboration; cybersecurity; entrepreneurship; NSA; research

TIM Lecture Series – When Are Software Systems Safe Enough? - Chris Hobbs (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Keywords: risk; safety; safety-critical systems; security; software systems; standards; testing

Toward a New Understanding of Creative Dynamics: From One-Size-Fits-All Models to Multiple and Dynamic Forms of Creativity - Stephen Cummings; Chris Bilton; dt ogilvie (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
This article proposes an alternative to a managerial "best practice" approach to creativity based on the notion of creativity as a singular concept. Our alternative draws on three fundamental ideas that are emerging in different pockets of the creativity literature in a way that can be readily conceptualized and applied in practice. The first idea is that creativity is really about "creativities", or a cluster of different and discrete qualities that can be combined to suit the context in which they operate. The second is that creativity is not static: it is about "creativitying", or the action and the practice of combining these creativities, which evolve over time. The third is that being creative in organizations is not an individual act: rather, it is the multiple activities of groups as they go about creativitying.
Keywords: action-embedded creativity; creative dynamics; creativities; creativity; creativitying; innovation; management

Using Entrepreneurial Marketing to Foster Reseller Adoption of Smart Micro-Grid Technology - Hamidreza Kavandi; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
This article investigates how entrepreneurial marketing can encourage resellers to adopt smart micro-grid technology. An online survey based on the literature on user adoption and entrepreneurial marketing was used to gather data from 99 power systems resellers. The data were analyzed using the partial least squares method to validate a model of the relationships between reseller’s antecedents and intention to adopt smart micro-grid technology, and the role of vendor’s entrepreneurial marketing in the adoption. The results suggest that user adoption models can only partially be applied to the reseller context, and future research should develop models that can further explain reseller’s decision making with regards to becoming involved in an emerging technology. As to the implications for practice, vendors need to demonstrate proactive entrepreneurial marketing, particularly entrepreneurial orientation, to increase the performance expectancy perceived by their resellers by increasing awareness and understanding of smart micro-grid technology to cultivate its diffusion.
Keywords: entrepreneurial marketing; power systems; resellers; smart micro-grid; technology adoption

A Value Blueprint Approach to Cybersecurity in Networked Medical Devices - George Tanev; Peyo Tzolov; Rollins Apiafi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Cybersecurity for networked medical devices has been usually “bolted on” by manufacturers at the end of the design cycle, rather than integrated as a key factor of the product development and value creation process. The recently released cybersecurity guidelines by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) offer an opportunity for manufacturers to find a way of positioning cybersecurity as part of front-end design, value creation, and market differentiation. However, the technological architecture and the functionality of such devices require an ecosystem approach to the value creation process. Thus, the present article adopts an ecosystem approach to including cybersecurity as part of their value proposition. It extends the value blueprint approach suggested by Ron Adner to include an additional dimension that offers the opportunity to define: the potential locations of cybersecurity issues within the ecosystem, the specific nature of these issues, the players that should be responsible for addressing them, as well as a way to articulate the added cybersecurity value as a competitive differentiator to potential customers. The value of the additional blueprint dimension is demonstrated through a case study of a representative networked medical device – a connected insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor.
Keywords: cybersecurity; ecosystem; market differentiation; networked medical devices; value proposition

Viability Radar: A Practical Tool for Assessing the Viability of Transformative Service Innovations in a Healthcare Context - Marikka Heikkilä; Jouni Saarni; Valtteri Kaartemo; Aki Koponen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
This article develops and showcases the viability radar, which is designed to assess the innovation potential of transformative service ideas. Based on service research and innovation literature, we highlight the importance of novel simplifying technology, supporting value networks, cost-effective business models, and regulatory environments that enable the renewal of prevailing market practices. We operationalize the radar with a set of questions and assess the innovation potential of three pilot cases of new transformative healthcare services.
Keywords: business model; ecosystem; healthcare; innovation; institutionalization; technology; transformative service; viability; viability assessment; viability radar

Who Inhabits a Business Ecosystem? The Technospecies as a Unifying Concept - Michael L. Weber; Michael J. Hine (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
Currently, many terms are used to describe business ecosystems and their inhabitants. These terms have meanings that can cause definitional confusion and an ambiguous level of analysis as to what constitutes a business ecosystem. To understand business ecosystem relationships, an unambiguous understanding of the ecosystem components is required. The importance of standardized terminology and clear definitions of these components has been recognized in the literature. From a managerial perspective, identifying the relationships a firm is situated in is valuable and useful information that can be practically applied. We propose a business ecosystem model anchored around interdependent technospecies similar to the biological model that many of the existing concepts are drawn from. Technospecies are unique entities based on their organizational routines, capabilities, and use of technology. This article will present an alternative formulation of the business ecosystem model with the aim of synthesizing the diverse terminology presently in use into a concise, common language.
Keywords: business ecosystem; business environment; complex adaptive systems; technospecies

Women Entrepreneurs in Developing Nations: Growth and Replication Strategies and Their Impact on Poverty Alleviation - Hina Shah; Punit Saurabh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2015)
The need to improve the status of women and the promotion of women's roles in development are no longer seen merely as issues of human rights or social justice. Investments in women are now widely recognized as crucial to achieving sustainable development. Economic analyses now perceive that low levels of education and training, poor health and nutritional status, and limited access to resources not only repress women's quality of life but limit productivity and hinder economic efficiency and growth. Therefore, the development of opportunities for women is imperative, not only for reasons of equity but also because it makes economic sense and is "good development practice". The article describes the status and background of women in South Asia and highlights the need to create women entrepreneurs for poverty alleviation. Although some women do start micro-level businesses to support themselves and their families, the contribution is minor and many of these businesses are unlikely to grow or are not viable over the long term. Thus, this article focuses on women entrepreneurship development programs in light of the challenges and regional variations facing women entrepreneurs in South Asia and identifies nine areas where such programs can be strengthened. Their successful replication and implementation, in India specifically and South Asia generally, is discussed for an international audience to raise awareness of the challenges women and support institutions have faced in achieving success in fostering women entrepreneurship. It is hoped that this narration of the Indian and South Asian experience will assist in its replication in other developing nations.
Keywords: developing nations; poverty alleviation; women entrepreneurs; women entrepreneurship; women entrepreneurship development programs

3D Printing: A Revolutionary Advance for the Field of Urology? - Rebecca Neu (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Over the past decade, 3D printing has garnered considerable attention due to its broad applications, its ease of customization, and its increasing affordability. What began as the straightforward replication of simple objects has now progressed into a sophisticated industry for the fabrication of detailed products, which stands to threaten conventional forms of manufacturing and change the face of consumerism. More recently, the technology has found a footing within the medical field with the promise of applying 3D printing for the process of organ generation. With the reality of an aging population, the need for replacement organs globally will increase proportionately, while the number of donors remains static. In the field of urology specifically, the need for organ transplants is ever increasing as the number of patients in renal failure continues to rise. This article reviews the development of biological 3D printing, or biofabrication, within the field of urology and examines both the pros and the cons of this emerging technology. The cost implications of this technology for healthcare facilities are considered, as well as the entrepreneurial opportunities that arise from the emergence and evolution of 3D printing.
Keywords: 3D printing; biofabrication; biological 3D printing; bioprinting; entrepreneurship; nephrology; organ transplants; renal failure

Accessing Value-in-Use Information by Integrating Social Platforms into Service Offerings - Ville Eloranta; Juho-Ville Matveinen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
This article proposes a new approach for assessing the value derived from using a service offering (i.e., value-in-use) through the utilization of “social platforms.” We define a social platform as an adaptable digital service environment that enables the co-creation of value through social interactions with other service systems. By reviewing the relevant literature, detailed propositions are built based on the integration of theoretical concepts, thereby combining the literature on service-dominant logic, platforms, and social media. The primary argument of the article is that embedding social platforms in a company's services may result in more efficient retrieval and understanding of customer insights, better management of customer intelligence, and ultimately higher value-in-use.
Keywords: platforms; service systems; service-dominant logic; social media; value-in-use

Ambidextrous Strategies and Innovation Priorities: Adequately Priming the Pump for Continual Innovation - Nehemiah Scott (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The dynamic and unpredictable nature of the market has caused many organizations within rapidly changing industries to fail. These failures are, in part, due to a lack of continual and balanced innovation that firms should aim to achieve. That is, although firms may succeed at either refining existing competencies for incremental innovations or exploring new opportunities for radical innovations, many firms have experienced great difficulty in simultaneously pursuing and realizing success in both areas. This innovation imbalance arises when firms stick to traditional strategic notions of competition in fast-moving industries; these firms have not realized that the ability to compete in current and new markets begins with the strategies and priorities that are responsible for the very nature of innovation capabilities. The purpose of this study is to offer a reconceptualization of notions related to organizational strategy that are responsible for driving innovation capabilities. Specifically, this study develops a continual innovation framework that illustrates the impact ambidextrous strategies and priorities have on the firm’s ambidextrous innovation capability. It offers a modified concept of ambidexterity (i.e., exploration, exploitation, coordination) to reconceptualize business, marketing, and information systems strategies as ambidextrous strategy constructs. The article also discusses the relationships between constructs and the implications of this reconceptualization for researchers and managers.
Keywords: ambidexterity; exploitation; exploration; innovation; strategy

Assessing Scientific Contributions: A Proposed Framework and Its Application to Cybersecurity - Dan Craigen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Through a synthesis of existing work on evaluating scientific theories and contributions, a framework for assessing scientific contributions is presented. By way of example, the framework is then applied to two contributions to the science of cybersecurity. The science of cybersecurity is slowly emerging. As the science and its theories emerge, it is important to extract the key contributions that characterize actual progress in our understanding of cybersecurity. Researchers and funding agencies will be interested in the assessment framework as a means of assessing scientific contributions to cybersecurity. In a nascent research area such as the science of cybersecurity, this article may contribute to a focused research program to accelerate the growth of the science.
Keywords: assessing science; cybersecurity; science of cybersecurity; scientific contributions; scientific progress; societal contributions

Assessing the Intentions and Timing of Malware - Brent Maheux (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Malware has become a significant, complex, and widespread problem within the computer industry. It represents one of the most prevalent threats to cybersecurity and is increasingly able to circumvent current detection and mitigation techniques. To help better understand when a malware attack might happen, this article proposes an intention-based classification of malware and merges it with an optimal timing model to help predict the timing of malware based on its classification. The classification model is based on an examination of eight malware samples, and it identifies four malware classifications and commonalities based on the dimensions of persistence and stealth. The goal of the article is to provide a better understanding of when cyber-conflict will happen, and to help defenders better mitigate the potential damage.
Keywords: cybersecurity; malware; optimal timing; persistence; stealth

The Business of Open Source Software: A Primer - Michael (Monty) Widenius; Linus Nyman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
This article is meant as a primer for those interested in gaining a basic understanding of the business of open source software. Thus, we cover four main areas: i) what motivates businesses to get involved in open source; ii) common open source licenses and how they relate to community and corporate interests; iii) issues regarding the monetization of an open source program; and iv) open source business models currently employed. This article is particularly suitable for people who want a general understanding of the business of open source software; people who want to understand the significant issues regarding an open source program's potential to generate income; and entrepreneurs who want to create a company around open source code.
Keywords: business source; dual licensing; entrepreneurship; open; open core; open source business models; open source licenses; open source software development

The Businesses of Open Data and Open Source: Some Key Similarities and Differences - Juho Lindman; Linus Nyman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: business models; entrepreneurship; licensing; open data; open source

Challenging the Stage-Gate Model in Crowdsourcing: The Case of Fiat Mio in Brazil - Fabio Prado Saldanha; Patrick Cohendet; Marlei Pozzebon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
A large crowdsourcing project managed by Fiat Brazil involved more than 17,000 participants from 160 different nationalities over 15 months. Fiat promoted a dialogue with an enthusiastic community by linking car experts, professionals, and lay people, through which more than 11,000 ideas were selected and developed to create a concept car using a collaborative process. Through an in-depth case study of this crowdsourcing project, we propose a new approach – the accordion model – which uses project management to help maximize the beneficial inputs of the crowd. Whereas the stage-gate process relies on a “funnel” of articulated sequences expressing a progressive reduction from an initial stock of potential ideas and concepts, in this article, we suggest that crowdsourced projects are more akin to a process that articulates a succession of broadening and funnelling periods that represent information requests and deliveries. We use the metaphorical terminology of “the sacred and the profane” to illustrate the interaction of sophisticated and ordinary ideas between the “sacred” experts from Fiat and the “profane” lay people associated with the project. Lessons learned from the Fiat Mio case suggest how both organizations and Internet users may benefit from successful crowdsourcing projects.
Keywords: automobile industry; Brazil; crowdsourcing; Fiat; marketing; Open innovation; project management

A Citation-Based Patent Evaluation Framework to Reveal Hidden Value and Enable Strategic Business Decisions - Derek Smith (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Patent evaluation methodologies enable firms to make informed strategic business decisions by associating and revealing hidden information surrounding a patent. However, the value of a patent depends on a firm's capabilities and strategic direction; therefore, a patent evaluation requires the information to be properly related and aligned with a particular business consideration. This article reviews the literature on citation-based patent evaluation methodologies and develops a framework to help managers and entrepreneurs identify strategic groups of business considerations. The framework shows how categories of information can be interrelated to different strategic groups of business considerations, thereby providing a competitive advantage to the evaluating firm. The article includes recommendations for managers and entrepreneurs to help them make citation-based patent evaluation an ongoing business practice to enable strategic decision making.
Keywords: citation-based patent evaluation; intellectual property; literature review; patent; patent citations; patent evaluation; patent value; prior art citation

Collaborative Idea Management: A Driver of Continuous Innovation - Jesper Bank; Adnan Raza (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Despite the critical importance of innovation to most companies' ongoing success, many organizations fail to develop sustainable innovation management processes. The article explores the application of collaborative idea management to drive continuous innovation in large organizations based on our experience at Waabii, an innovation software and consulting service provider. First, we identify the key roadblocks faced by organizations in managing their innovation processes. Next, we describe the innovation model created at Waabii to help implement a sustainable innovation process, and we present a case study of an innovation management software solution, Exago Idea Market, which was implemented to create a collaborative and sustainable innovation environment in a large global telecommunications company. Finally, we offer recommendations for implementing this model of collaborative idea management. This article is particularly relevant to managers in larger organizations and practitioners of organizational change seeking to identify inhibitors of growth and business innovation and how to combat the roadblocks and create a sustainable innovation environment.
Keywords: collaboration; collaborative idea management; crowdsourcing; culture; innovation; leadership; Open innovation; strategy

Commercialization and Public Good: Conflict, Complement, or Critical Component? - R. Sandra Schillo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The controversy regarding the role of science in society – and how science can best achieve its role – may well date as far back as the beginnings of science itself. The specific arguments and the possible mechanisms for science to impact society, however, have changed over time. This article picks up the conversation with regards to the specific role of publicly funded science, presuming, similar to Brecht in this article's opening quotation, that publicly funded science has the goal of making positive contributions to society. To achieve this goal, today’s scientists and research managers face a myriad options of publication venues, protection mechanism, and collaborations with external partners including licensing and other options for commercialization. Oftentimes, the goal of achieving positive contributions to society is perceived as being in fundamental conflict with the restrictions many commercialization arrangements place on the use of knowledge. This article argues that, although commercialization may at times conflict with the goal of achieving positive contributions to society, it can also be complementary to pursuits towards societal contributions, or even a critical component in achieving the desired positive contributions to society. More specifically, it suggests that the use of the term “science for the public good” as description of the goal to achieve positive societal contributions might create confusion with the economic term “public good”. Thus, it seeks to reframe the discussion of how science can contribute to society in an era of increased openness and interaction.
Keywords: commercialization; intellectual property; public good; publicly funded science; science in society; societal benefits; technology transfer; university research

Conceptualizing Innovation in Born-Global Firms - Erik Zijdemans; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
This article summarizes the insights from a systematic study of the research literature focusing on the innovation aspects of born-global firms – ventures that were launched to exploit a global niche from the earliest days of their operations. The authors provide a snapshot of opinions on the different aspects of innovation in the way they were conceptualized in the academic literature. The insights are based on a selection of 32 peer-reviewed journal articles addressing the different challenges associated with early internationalization and innovation in such ventures. The article emphasizes that the early internationalization of new ventures should be considered as an innovation process in itself and that innovation and internationalization have a positive effect on each other. In addition, it points out the role of knowledge acquisition and networking capabilities as key innovation enablers and refers to the emergence of the lean startup perspective on the innovation processes in born-global firms. The suggested insights will be relevant to researchers and practitioners interested in the relationship between early internationalization and innovation in international new ventures and lean global startups.
Keywords: born global; business model; early internationalization; Innovation management; lean startup approach

Crimeware Marketplaces and Their Facilitating Technologies - Mahmoud Gad (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The cybercrime community has evolved from one in which criminals develop their own tools into one in which crimeware – tools and services to carry out or facilitate illegal online activity – can be readily bought, sold, traded, hired, or licensed in online marketplaces. Crimeware marketplaces are expected to grow significantly in the near term, and they will offer an increasing number of services and tools that target mobile computing devices. This article examines the actors, value chains, and modes of operation in underground crimeware marketplaces, and it identifies three facilitating technologies that are likely to significantly expand the reach of cybercriminals. Anonymous e-currency (e.g., Bitcoin) enables anonymous financial transactions; anonymity networks (e.g., Tor) enable anonymous Internet access; and mobile computing provides access to a very large number of potential target devices.
Keywords: anonymity; Bitcoin; crimeware marketplaces; cybercrime; dark web; underground economy

Cyber-Attack Attributes - Mehdi Kadivar (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Cyber-attacks threaten our ability to use the Internet safely, productively, and creatively worldwide and are at the core of many security concerns. The concept of cyber-attacks, however, remains underdeveloped in the academic literature. To advance theory, design and operate databases to support scholarly research, perform empirical observations, and compare different types of cyber-attacks, it is necessary to first clarify the attributes of the “concept of cyber-attack”. In this article, attributes of cyber-attacks are identified by examining definitions of cyber-attacks from the literature and information on ten high-profile attacks. Although the article will be of interest to a broad community, it will be of particular interest to senior executives, government contractors, and researchers interested in contributing to the development of an interdisciplinary and global theory of cybersecurity.
Keywords: attack characteristics; attributes; cyber-attack; cybersecurity

Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Models for Providers of Critical Infrastructure - Walter Miron; Kevin Muita (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Critical infrastructure such as power generation and distribution systems, telecommunications networks, pipelines and pipeline control networks, transportation control networks, financial networks, and government information and communications technology (ICT) have increasingly become the target of cyber-attacks. The impact and cost of these threats, as well as regulatory pressure to mitigate them, have created an impetus to secure these critical infrastructures. Managers have many controls and models at their disposal to help them secure infrastructure technology, including cybersecurity capability maturity models to enable measurement and communication of cybersecurity readiness to top management teams, regulators, and customers, thereby facilitating regulatory compliance, corporate responsibility, and improved brand quality. However, information and awareness is lacking about which models are most appropriate for a given situation and how they should be deployed. This article examines relevant cybersecurity capability maturity models to identify the standards and controls available to providers of critical infrastructure in an effort to improve their level of security preparedness. These capability models are described and categorized by their relevance to different infrastructure domains, and then recommendations are provided on employing capability maturity models to measure and communicate readiness. This article will be relevant to regulators, critical infrastructure providers, and researchers.
Keywords: adoption; bersecurity; capability maturity models; compliance; critical infrastructure; framework; municipalities; protection; regulation; standards

Cybersecurity Startups: The Importance of Early and Rapid Globalization - Tony Bailetti; Erik Zijdemans (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Corporations and government agencies worldwide seek to ensure that their networks are safe from cyber-attacks, and startups are being launched to take advantage of this expanded market for cybersecurity products, services, and solutions. The cybersecurity market is inherently global; therefore, cybersecurity startups must globalize to survive. With this article, we fill a gap in the literature by identifying the factors that make a technology startup valuable to specific stakeholders (e.g., investors, customers, employees) and by providing a tool and illustrating a process to describe, design, challenge, and invent the actions that should be performed to globalize a cybersecurity startup early and rapidly for the purpose of increasing its value. The development of the tool builds on recent advances in the resource-based literature, the review of the literature on born-global firms and business model discovery processes, and the experience gained operating the Lead to Win ecosystem. This article will be of interest to entrepreneurs and their venture teams, investors, business development agencies, advisors, and mentors of cybersecurity startups as well as researchers who develop tools and approaches that are relevant to technology entrepreneurs.
Keywords: born global; cybersecurity; globalization; startups

Defining Cybersecurity - Dan Craigen; Nadia Diakun-Thibault; Randy Purse (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Cybersecurity is a broadly used term, whose definitions are highly variable, often subjective, and at times, uninformative. The absence of a concise, broadly acceptable definition that captures the multidimensionality of cybersecurity impedes technological and scientific advances by reinforcing the predominantly technical view of cybersecurity while separating disciplines that should be acting in concert to resolve complex cybersecurity challenges. In conjunction with an in-depth literature review, we led multiple discussions on cybersecurity with a diverse group of practitioners, academics, and graduate students to examine multiple perspectives of what should be included in a definition of cybersecurity. In this article, we propose a resulting new definition: "Cybersecurity is the organization and collection of resources, processes, and structures used to protect cyberspace and cyberspace-enabled systems from occurrences that misalign de jure from de facto property rights." Articulating a concise, inclusive, meaningful, and unifying definition will enable an enhanced and enriched focus on interdisciplinary cybersecurity dialectics and thereby will influence the approaches of academia, industry, and government and non-governmental organizations to cybersecurity challenges.
Keywords: cybersecurity; cyberspace; definition; interdisciplinary; security

Designing and Managing Value Co-Creation in KIBS Engagements - Lysanne Lessard (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) such as IT development, IT outsourcing, and research and development (R&D) services have become a key component of most industrialized economies; they have been identified as an important source of employment growth in many countries and help improve the performance of firms belonging to most other sectors. KIBS have been discussed in innovation-related literature for over 15 years, with the assumption that models of innovation developed for manufacturing firms were not appropriate for them. This body of literature has also helped to identify the key characteristics and types of KIBS. However, although some empirical studies have investigated KIBS at the level of management – for example, how to manage customers’ co-production processes – there has not been much research on how to successfully establish and manage engagements among KIBS providers, clients, and other collaborators. Moreover, informal conversations with KIBS professionals show that these activities are often approached in an ad hoc manner. Yet, given the importance of KIBS, taking a more systematic approach to their design and management could improve the contribution of knowledge-intensive business service activities to our economy. This article proposes a framework for the design and management of KIBS engagements. The framework has been developed from a multiple-case study of academic R&D service engagements, as one type of KIBS engagement. It consists of a set of information to be gathered and questions to be asked by professionals responsible for establishing, monitoring, and managing KIBS engagements. The information and questions are articulated around two key processes of collaborative value creation (or value co-creation) in KIBS engagements: i) the alignment of actors’ interests, value propositions, and resources, and ii) the actors’ ability to integrate the engagement’s deliverables and outcomes as a basis for their perception of the engagement’s value. Using this framework could help to establish more successful collaborations among KIBS providers, clients, and partners; it should also help to monitor the performance of a given KIBS engagement in terms of its collaborative processes, deliverables, and outcomes from the varied perspectives of participating parties. Although the framework accounts for these different and sometimes conflicting perspectives, it is intended to be used by KIBS provider firms whose success depends at least in part from their ability to manage collaborative relationships.
Keywords: case study; KIBS; knowledge-intensive business services; service design; service management; value co-creation

Designing Business Models for the Internet of Things - Mika Westerlund; Seppo Leminen; Mervi Rajahonka (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
This article investigates challenges pertaining to business model design in the emerging context of the Internet of Things (IOT). The evolution of business perspectives to the IOT is driven by two underlying trends: i) the change of focus from viewing the IOT primarily as a technology platform to viewing it as a business ecosystem; and ii) the shift from focusing on the business model of a firm to designing ecosystem business models. An ecosystem business model is a business model composed of value pillars anchored in ecosystems and focuses on both the firm's method of creating and capturing value as well as any part of the ecosystem's method of creating and capturing value. The article highlights three major challenges of designing ecosystem business models for the IOT, including the diversity of objects, the immaturity of innovation, and the unstructured ecosystems. Diversity refers to the difficulty of designing business models for the IOT due to a multitude of different types of connected objects combined with only modest standardization of interfaces. Immaturity suggests that quintessential IOT technologies and innovations are not yet products and services but a "mess that runs deep". The unstructured ecosystems mean that it is too early to tell who the participants will be and which roles they will have in the evolving ecosystems. The study argues that managers can overcome these challenges by using a business model design tool that takes into account the ecosystemic nature of the IOT. The study concludes by proposing the grounds for a new design tool for ecosystem business models and suggesting that "value design" might be a more appropriate term when talking about business models in ecosystems.
Keywords: business model; design tool; ecosystem; Internet of Things; IOT; value; value design

Developing a Social Network as a Means of Obtaining Entrepreneurial Knowledge Needed for Internationalization - Chen Han; Adeleye Afolabi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
An internationalization process for startups is based on the exchange of knowledge and other resources required for early internationalization and fast growth, and it requires ventures to identify opportunities, conduct business, and gain a competitive advantage in a foreign market. But, how do entrepreneurs obtain the knowledge required for internationalization? Previous research suggests a role for the utilization of social networks, leading managers to ask three basic questions: i) what kinds of knowledge-based resources are urgently needed by international new ventures?, ii) how do needs for knowledge change according to different stages in the internationalization process?, and iii) how can changing needs for knowledge be met by developing and leveraging a social network? In this article, we review the related literature, discuss potential answers to these basic questions, and we suggest how a dynamic process can guide new ventures to acquire knowledge for developing resources and conducting business toward internationalization.
Keywords: business relationships; entrepreneurship; internationalization; knowledge acquisition; social networks

Disruptive Innovation vs Disruptive Technology: The Disruptive Potential of the Value Propositions of 3D Printing Technology Startups - Finn Hahn; Søren Jensen; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
This article describes an empirical study focusing on the classification of existing business opportunities in the 3D printing technology sector. The authors address three research questions. First, how do technology startups integrate new 3D printing technologies into specific market offers? Second, which value propositions are most attractive in terms of interest from the public and investors? Third, how does the degree of disruptiveness of value propositions relate to the degree of interest from the public and investors? The most notable finding is the link between the business traction of 3D printing technology startups and the degree of disruptiveness of their value propositions. Thus, the article provides empirical support for the conceptualization of the degree of disruptiveness of the value proposition as a metric for the evaluation of the business potential of new technology startups.
Keywords: 3D printing technology; additive manufacturing; disruptive innovation; value proposition

Does Social Innovation Require Social Entrepreneurship? - Asceline Groot; Ben Dankbaar (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Social innovation is now considered an important element in the search for solutions to pressing social problems. Inspired by Schumpeter’s conceptualization of innovation, "social" entrepreneurship is thought to contribute to "social" innovation in more or less the same way that "normal" entrepreneurship consists of the introduction of "normal" innovations. In the literature as well as in practice, the definition of concepts such as social innovation and social entrepreneurship has led to considerable confusion. We aim to bring clarity to the debate, arguing that every entrepreneurial action results in some measure of intended or unintended social innovation, regardless of whether the entrepreneurs in question are considered or consider themselves "social" or not. We test our insights in an investigation of 20 social enterprises that have a commercial business model.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; institutional change; Schumpeter; social change; social entrepreneurship; social innovation; sustainability

Down the Rabbit Hole: How Structural Holes in Entrepreneurs' Social Networks Impact Early Venture Growth - Mackenzie Adams; Maged Makramalla; Walter Miron (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Social networks play a significant role in the success of new entrepreneurial ventures. They provide an accumulation of tangible and intangible resources that are linked to entrepreneurial outcomes such as growth and innovation. The structure of social networks, specifically, has been linked to these outcomes; structural holes in social networks have shown an association with entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurs who have many structural holes in their networks are thought to benefit from a rich source of divergent information. This article examines the complex nature of the relationships among social networks, formal institutions, and the outcomes of new ventures. It also explores the effects of a social network’s structural holes on growth in the early years of a venture’s development. We propose that structural holes of a social network, through a mediating role of institutional polycentrism, play an important role in the growth and profitability of a new venture as well as potential threats of exploitation. We then provide recommendations based on the reviewed literature for entrepreneurs and managers of formal institutions.
Keywords: entrepreneurs; institutional order; social networks; structural holes; venture growth

Editorial: Cybersecurity (November 2014) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: crimeware; cyber-attacks; cybersecurity; globalization; malware; safety; science of cybersecurity; scientific contributions; startups

Editorial: Cybersecurity (October 2014) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: cyberattacks; cybersecurity; cyberthreats; information technology; network security; research

Editorial: Emerging Technologies (March 2014) - Chris McPhee; David Hudson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: 3D printing; big data analytics; BYOD; crowdsourcing; emerging technology; entrepreneurship; innovation; IT consumerization

Editorial: Innovation and Entrepreneurship (December 2014) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: 3D printing; business models; commercialization; disruption; entrepreneurship; innovation; innovation capacity; innovation culture; patents; social entrepreneurship; social innovation; spinoffs; university technology transfer; value propositions

Editorial: Innovation and Entrepreneurship in India (August 2014) - Chris McPhee; Kalyan Kumar Guin (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: education; entrepreneurship; government support; India; innovation; knowledge systems; policy; service innovation; stakeholders; startups; uncertainty; university

Editorial: Insights (July 2014) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: ambidexterity; business ecosystems; business models; entrepreneurship; improvisation; innovation; Internet of Things; knowledge-intensive business services; platforms; public good; publicly funded research; standards; strategy; value co-creation; value design

Editorial: Insights (September 2014) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: born global; crowdsourcing; entrepreneurship; innovation; internationalization; patent citations; patent evaluation; social networks; startups

Editorial: Open Source Business (January 2014) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: business models; collaboration; ecosystems; licensing; open data; open source business; open source software; patterns

Editorial: Opportunities and Capabilities (June 2014) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: capabilities; entrepreneurship; innovation; IT capabilities; IT function; mobile services; opportunities; organizational legitimacy; patent citations; patent value; professional services; service innovation; strategy

Editorial: Seeking Solutions (February 2014) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: collaboration; employee entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial orientation; entrepreneurship; innovation; local open innovation; Open innovation; Seeking Solutions; technology adoption; value creation; virtual proximity

Editorial: Service and Innovation (April 2014) - Chris McPhee; Marja Toivonen; Risto Rajala; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: internationalization; knowledge-intensive business services; service business development; service innovation; service providers; social platforms; value chains; value creation; value-in-use; word-of-mouth communication

Editorial: Service and Innovation (May 2014) - Chris McPhee; Risto Rajala; Marja Toivonen; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: collaboration; innovation indicators; innovation practices; intellectual property; knowledge-intensive business services; living labs; online gaming; service business development; service design; service innovation; service-dominant logic; trademarks; value chains; value creation

Effective Digital Channel Marketing for Cybersecurity Solutions - Mika Westerlund; Risto Rajala (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Smaller organizations are prime targets for hackers and malware, because these businesses lack cybersecurity plans and the resources to survive a serious security incident. To exploit this market opportunity, cybersecurity solution providers need to leverage the power of downstream channel members. We investigate how a supplier's digital channel marketing can encourage value-added resellers to sell that supplier’s cybersecurity solutions. Our analysis of survey data from 109 value-added resellers of a multinational supplier shows that resellers are more committed to stock and sell cybersecurity products and services if the supplier’s digital channel marketing provides tools that help them sell the solutions to end customers. This support is likely needed because cybersecurity offerings are technologically complex and systemic by nature, as supported by the finding that value-added resellers pay little attention to supplier’s campaigns and price discounts. Thus, cybersecurity suppliers should maintain trusted and informative relationships with their resellers and provide them with hands-on sales tools, because a reseller's commitment to selling cybersecurity solutions is linked with their ability to understand the offering and with the extent of their supplier relationship. These findings are in line with previous literature on the challenges perceived by salespeople in selling novel and complex technology.
Keywords: cybersecurity; digital channel marketing; marketing; retailer; sales; supplier; value-added reseller; VAR

Electronic Word-of-Mouth Communication for Local Service Providers - Nora Schütze (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Word-of-mouth communication is a valuable means of marketing for small, local service providers. Face-to-face transmission is most prevalent, but electronic word-of-mouth is on the rise. Through the results of an agent-based simulation, this article shows that the penetration of word-of-mouth for a small service provider, who is locally restricted due to the inseparability of production and consumption, could benefit less from a growth in word-of-mouth connections than a larger service provider. Only if the added electronic connections are mainly local, small and larger service providers have similar effects on the penetration of word-of-mouth. The article includes a discussion of how small service providers could react to this threat.
Keywords: agent-based simulation; electronic word-of-mouth; local service provider; threshold model

Enabling Employee Entrepreneurship in Large Technology Firms - Walter Miron; David Hudson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Managers of development projects in large technology firms face a dilemma. They operate under pressure to achieve predictable quality, cost, and schedule objectives but are also expected to encourage their employees to act entrepreneurially. Given the uncertain nature of the entrepreneurial process, these managers often cling to existing practices and values and consequently inhibit their employees’ ability to act entrepreneurially. In this article, we examine the product development and entrepreneurship literature streams to identify the barriers that managers of development projects of large technology firms face in allowing employees to act entrepreneurially. We organize these barriers using the five components of entrepreneurial orientation: risk taking, proactiveness, innovativeness, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy. Then, building on the literature and our combined 40 years of experience managing development projects in large technology firms, we provide recommendations to managers on how to overcome these barriers. A better understanding of how to enable employees to act entrepreneurially will increase the entrepreneurial orientation of development projects in large technology firms. The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and development project performance is expected to be curvilinear. Therefore, an increase in entrepreneurial orientation is expected to improve the performance of development projects up to a point after which it is expected to decrease it. This article will be particularly relevant to researchers interested in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and project performance as well as managers in technology firms who want to achieve their operational milestones while maximizing the entrepreneurial value creation of their employees.
Keywords: autonomy; competitive aggressiveness; corporate venturing; development projects; emancipation; employee entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial orientation; innovativeness; intrapraneurship; proactiveness; risk taking; value creation

Enhancing Innovation through Virtual Proximity - Tom Coughlan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Historically, innovation strategists have focused on leveraging local resources and the development of local clusters, which have relied heavily on personal contact. It was assumed that serendipity would occur through casual contact and that this contact would result in rapid sharing of ideas. Many studies have supported this concept; however, the pace of innovation has changed and the most successful organizations promote not only physical proximity but also virtual proximity to resources. Virtual proximity refers to the level of emotional closeness between individuals, as developed through the use of information and communications technologies. This article argues that organizations can and should look to develop local virtual relationships supported by physical proximity: the mix of both virtual proximity and physical proximity can increase an organization's innovation capability.
Keywords: clusters; communication; distance; innovation; tools; virtual proximity

Entrepreneurship Education in India: A Critical Assessment and a Proposed Framework - Rituparna Basu (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Entrepreneurship education is considered as one of the most influential forces that determine the health of the economy. Hence, ignoring controversies on whether entrepreneurship can be taught, the majority of the top business schools in India offer entrepreneurship education with tailored elective courses to inculcate a wide range of skills encompassing a multi-disciplinary approach among mature management students. However, considering the basic synergies of core management subjects such as marketing and entrepreneurship, both of which provide an opportunity to develop unique solutions to satisfy customer needs, the study of entrepreneurial aspects as a prerequisite for management education and research seems indispensable when specifically catering to the growing entrepreneurial intent in developing economies. This approach necessitates a compulsory initiation of entrepreneurship courses early in the curricula of contemporary business schools. In this context, the present article aims to qualitatively review the current entrepreneurship education regime in India to propose an effective ecosystem for integrating and promoting entrepreneurship education as fundamental to mainstream business education in India.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; India; management education; marketing; qualitative research

Finding the Signal in the Noise of Patent Citations: How to Focus on Relevance for Strategic Advantage - Derek Smith (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Patent evaluations based on prior art citation data are business methodologies that can reveal hidden relationships between a patent and the associated prior art citations. These hidden relationships can further identify firms, actors and, technology and can identify strategic business relationships and opportunities. However, a fundamental problem with existing methodologies for discovering relevant relationships in citation data is noise. Citation noise obscures relevant relationships and impedes the potential value of these methodologies. This article reviews the literature on prior art citations as they relate to citation-based patent evaluation methodologies. A framework is presented to overcome citation noise and reveal relevant relationships to evaluate knowledge, technology, and invention properties, thereby opening up strategic and competitive advantages to the evaluating firm. The article provides guidance to executives and managers to help improve strategic decision making through relevant citation-based patent evaluations.
Keywords: citation noise; citation-based patent evaluation; intellectual property; literature review; patent evaluation; patent evaluation limitations; prior art citations

Finnish Knowledge-Intensive Business Services in China: Market Entry and Position in the Value Chain - Sen Bao; Marja Toivonen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The internationalization of companies offering knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) plays an important role in the general process of globalization. As the largest emerging market, China is attractive for Western KIBS. This article presents a case study on Finnish KIBS in China. Three companies in "clean tech" engineering, eco-cities design, and 3D media solutions describe the challenges and promoting factors in entering the Chinese markets. The study also examines the various ways of positioning the firm in the value chain through the roles of an integrator, a concept developer, and a multi-stage actor. Our findings illustrate the new business opportunities provided by China in advanced service sectors focusing on sustainability issues and creative content.
Keywords: internationalization of services; KIBS; knowledge-intensive business services; Western companies in China

Formulating an Executive Strategy for Big Data Analytics - Gopalakrishna Palem (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The recent surge in big data technologies has left many executives, both of well-established organizations and emerging startups, wondering how best to harness big data. In particular, the analytics aspect of big data is enticing for both information technology (IT) service providers and non-IT firms because of its potential for high returns on investment, which have been heavily publicized, if not clearly demonstrated, by multiple whitepapers, webinars, and research surveys. Although executives may clearly perceive the benefits of big data analytics to their organizations, the path to the goal is not as clear or easy as it looks. And, it is not just the established organizations that have this challenge; even startups trying to take advantage of this big data analytics opportunity are facing the same problem of lack of clarity on what to do or how to formulate an executive strategy. This article is primarily for executives who are looking for help in formulating a strategy for achieving success with big data analytics in their operations. It provides guidelines to them plan an organization's short-term and long-term goals, and presents a strategy tool, known as the delta model, to develop a customer-centric approach to success with big data analytics.
Keywords: big data; business vision; executive strategy; IT entrepreneurship; predictive analytics

Generative Innovation Practices, Customer Creativity, and the Adoption of New Technology Products - Stoyan Tanev; Marianne Harbo Frederiksen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
We offer a critical reflection on one of the key reasons for the startlingly low success rate of innovation initiatives worldwide – the fact that the interactive environment surrounding the customer is a critical part of the adoption process; it can and should be designed in a way that enables customer creativity, and thus adoption. In this article, we embrace a definition of innovation as “the adoption of a new practice by a community” where the innovator is the one who does not only sense and move into new opportunities but also mobilizes all the necessary resources needed by customers to adopt a new practice. The emphasis on adoption merges together innovation and entrepreneurship by shifting the focus from the inventor and the designer, through the entrepreneur, to the ultimate recipient of the innovative outcomes. Looking at customers as co-creators is critically important for technological product adoption; missing the chance to enable their creativity is equivalent to missing the opportunity of seeing them for who they really are. The result is a distorted vision that is ultimately rooted in the misconception of the dynamics of customer value. We particularly emphasize two points: i) the increasing degree of complexity of everyday technological products requires a higher degree of creativity by customers to adopt; and ii) customer creativity is not only a function of user-technology interaction, it is a function of the various actors in the interactive environment surrounding the customer such as other customers, other technologies, local distributors, customer/technical support providers, and competitors.
Keywords: co-creation; customer creativity; customer value; entrepreneurship; innovation; technology adoption

The Government of India's Role in Promoting Innovation through Policy Initiatives for Entrepreneurship Development - Ravindra Abhyankar (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
In spite of having a large publicly funded science and technology infrastructure and a sizeable education base, India has not been able to realize its innovative potential due to a fragmented innovation ecosystem. The government of India has taken many initiatives towards strengthening the innovation ecosystem, the most important of which are: i) the establishment of the National Innovation Council, whose mandate is to coordinate various innovation-related activities, and ii) the new Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2013, which is intended to promote entrepreneurship and science-led solutions for sustainable and inclusive growth. With a focus on this new policy initiative, this article describes the current innovation ecosystem and the challenges it faces, and it discusses the efforts made by the government towards the promotion of innovation for entrepreneurship development and sustainable growth. With the implementation of this new policy the early indications are that India is poised to take a big leap towards innovation-led growth.
Keywords: economic growth; entrepreneurship; government; India; innovation; innovation ecosystem; policy

HarassMap: Using Crowdsourced Data to Map Sexual Harassment in Egypt - Chelsea Young (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Through a case study of HarassMap, an advocacy, prevention, and response tool that uses crowdsourced data to map incidents of sexual harassment in Egypt, this article examines the application of crowdsourcing technology to drive innovation in the field of social policy. This article applies a framework that explores the potential, limitations, and future applications of crowdsourcing technology in this sector to reveal how crowdsourcing technology can be applied to overcome cultural and environmental constraints that have traditionally impeded the collection of data. Many of the lessons emerging from this case study hold relevance beyond the field of social policy. Applied to specific problems, this technology can be used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of mitigation strategies, while facilitating rapid and informed decision making based on "good enough" data. However, this case also illustrates a number of challenges arising from the integrity of crowdsourced data and the potential for ethical conflict when using this data to inform policy formulation.
Keywords: crowdsourcing; data collection; HarassMap; international development; social policy; user contribution systems

Improvising Entrepreneurship - Tom Duxbury (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Improvisation is reviewed in the context of mainstream routines that modern startups use to adapt to changing environments. The increasing interest in flexible methodologies such as lean startup is one indication that organizations need to consider alternatives when the rate of change exceeds the ability to plan for it. Empirical studies indicate that improvisation is an important, yet understudied part of organizational life in new ventures. It is argued that entrepreneurs improvise not just out of necessity, but because they have chosen an occupation that is congruent with the practice and likely have a disposition towards the behaviour. Lessons from contexts in jazz and theatre are provided for entrepreneurs, and it is recommended that evidence of past success with improvisation be used to select candidates for improvisational work.
Keywords: adaptation; agile development; bricolage; effectuation; entrepreneurship; improvisation; improvised behaviour; lean startup

Innovation in Services: A Literature Review - Rabeh Morrar (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The article reviews the literature relevant to innovation in services, which has flourished since the 1990s. We discuss the definition of service and to what extent the characteristics of service output have influenced the conceptualization of innovation in services. Then, based on the literature review, we develop a conceptual framework for innovation in service sector, which classifies innovation in service sector into three main approaches: i) assimilation, where innovation in the service sector is assimilated from innovation in manufacturing sector; ii) demarcation, which differentiates innovation in service sector from the traditional conceptualization of innovation in manufacturing sector; and iii) synthesis, which aggregates both assimilation and demarcation approaches within a common conceptual framework. We discuss the relationship between innovation in services and economic performance using productivity and employment as two indicators of performance.
Keywords: assimilation approach; demarcation approach; economic performance; innovation; service innovation; synthesis approach

Innovation Opportunities: An Overview of Standards and Platforms in the Video Game Industry - Mikael Laakso; Linus Nyman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The video game industry offers insights into the significance of standards and platforms. Furthermore, it shows examples of how new entrants can offer innovative services, while reducing their own risk, through bridging the boundaries between standards. Through an exploration of both past and present, this article aims to serve as a primer for understanding, firstly, the technological standards and platforms of the video game industry, and secondly, the recent innovations within the video game industry that have enabled products to be made available across platforms.
Keywords: arcade games; computer games; console games; innovation; mobile games; platforms; standards; video game industry

Integrating Design for All in Living Labs - Madeleine Gray; Mikaël Mangyoku; Artur Serra; Laia Sánchez; Francesc Aragall (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The European Union has identified innovation as a key driver behind business competitiveness and responsive governance. However, innovation in and of itself may not be sufficient to help businesses bring new products to market and to help governments shape public services that meet the real needs of citizens. The Integrating Design for All in Living Labs (IDeALL) project sought to identify and test methodologies for designing with users in real-life settings. The results of the experiments showed how different methodologies can be applied in different contexts, helping to provide solutions to societal issues and to create products and services that genuinely meet user requirements. In this article, we describe the methodologies used in the IDeALL project and provide examples of the project's experiments and case studies across four main areas: i) services; ii) health and social care; iii) information and communication technology; and iv) urban design.
Keywords: 3H; co-creation; design; design for all; health; HUMBLES; ICT; innovation; living labs; LUPI; methodologies; service prototyping; services; social care; urban design; user-centred approaches

IT Consumerization: A Case Study of BYOD in a Healthcare Setting - Sarah Marshall (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The ubiquity and utility of mobile devices in the consumer domain has led organizations to consider the benefits and challenges of allowing their employees to BYOD, or "bring your own device". The consumerization of information technology is a natural transition considering that devices are now commonplace in the personal lives of employees; however, despite the potential benefits to both the organization and employees, the use of employee-owned devices raises issues relating to security, governance, processes, and even organizational culture. This article focuses on the implementation of BYOD in a healthcare setting. First, the challenges of implementing BYOD in the healthcare industry are examined. Next, a case study of The Ottawa Hospital is developed to illustrate the practical benefits and hurdles that must be overcome when hospital staff begin using consumer IT devices in the workplace. Finally, recommendations are offered to help healthcare organizations develop and implement a successful BYOD strategy.
Keywords: BYOD; clinical mobile applications; electronic patient records; healthcare; iPad; IT consumerization; mobile devices

Mobile Convergence and Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Innovative Products and Services - Jeff Moretz; Chirag Surti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Our research on 2012 and 2013 Canadian wireless service pricing indicates that data was underpriced relative to traditional voice and text messaging services. Such a situation, while potentially disadvantaging consumers of traditional mobile services, created a market that favoured competitors pursuing innovative uses of mobile data. Although more competitive pressures in the telecommunications market would provide broader benefits to Canadian consumers and facilitate greater innovation in related services, a favorable pricing differential vis-à-vis data transmission provides useful incentives. Even with recent changes to the pricing of mobile services in Canada, we should expect continued development of services that substitute data for voice and text messaging, particularly for international communications, as well as more innovative uses of mobile data.
Keywords: Canada; competition; entrepreneurship; innovation; mobile convergence; mobile services; wireless pricing

The Online World of the Future: Safe, Productive, and Creative - Tony Bailetti; Renaud Levesque; D’Arcy Walsh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
A safer online world is required to attain higher levels of productivity and creativity. We offer a view of a future state of the online world that places safety, productivity, and creativity above all else. The online world envisaged for 2030 is safe (i.e., users communicate with accuracy and enduring confidence), productive (i.e., users make timely decisions that have an ongoing global effect), and creative (i.e., users can connect seemingly unrelated information online). The proposed view differs from other views of the future online world that are anchored around technology solutions, confrontation, deception, and personal or commercial gain. The following seven conditions characterize the proposed view of the online world: i) global-scale autonomous learning systems; ii) humans co-working with machines; iii) human factors that are authentic and transferrable; iv) global scale whole-brain communities; v) foundational knowledge that is authentic and transferrable; vi) timely productive communication; and vii) continuous technological adaptation. These conditions are expected to enable new social-behavioural, socio-technical, and organizational interaction models.
Keywords: bisociation; cybersecurity; excludability; future vision; Industrial Internet; Internet; Internet of Everything; Internet of Things; online; productivity; rivalry; safety; security

Overcoming Barriers to Collaboration in an Open Source Ecosystem - Derek Smith; Asrar Alshaikh; Rawan Bojan; Anish Kak; Mohammad Mehdi Gharaei Manesh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Leveraging open source practices provides value to businesses when entrepreneurs and managers understand how to collaborate effectively in an open source ecosystem. However, the complex mix of different actors and varying barriers to effective collaboration in the ecosystem pose a substantial challenge. How can a business create and capture value if it depends on effective collaboration among these different groups? In this article, we review the published research on open source collaboration and reveal insights that will be beneficial to entrepreneurs and managers. We organize the published research into four streams based upon the following actor groups: i) governance actors, ii) competitors, iii) complementors, and iv) the core community. Then, through induction and synthesis, we identify barriers to collaboration, first by ecosystem and then by actor group. Finally, we offer six recommendations for identifying and overcoming barriers to collaboration in an open source ecosystem.
Keywords: business ecosystem; collaboration; collaboration barriers; communities; competitors; complementors; core community; governance; open source

Perceived Environmental Uncertainty for Startups: A Note on Entrepreneurship Research from an Indian Perspective - Susmita Ghosh; Bhaskar Bhowmick; Kalyan Kumar Guin (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
In an entrepreneurship environment, understanding uncertainty is critical to startups because it is directly related to the context of decision making. In an emerging country such as India, uncertainties are more predominant due to the very nature of the emerging country, which is characterized by an underdeveloped institutional setup, a lack of protection for legal and intellectual property rights, underdeveloped factor markets, and high transaction costs. In this article, a systematic review of the existing literature on environment and uncertainty in an entrepreneurial, emerging-economy context identifies a gap of a new scale for perceived environmental uncertainty. Three primary contributions are made by this research. First, a literature review for existing uncertainty scales and their evaluation in the context of emerging countries is provided. Second, the research identifies a gap in the uncertainty measurement literature that is relevant to emerging economies. Finally, this study proposes a future research scope that can bridge the identified gap by exploring the factors of uncertainty in emerging countries.
Keywords: business environment; emerging economies; India; startups; uncertainty

Product and Service Interaction in the Chinese Online Game Industry - Patrik Ström; Mirko Ernkvist (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
This article examines the rapidly-growing online game industry in China, which is a prime example of the changing regional landscape of new creative industries in East Asia. The industry’s evolution in China demonstrates the complexity of the growth of this industry through various knowledge and production networks. Despite the fact that Chinese companies were initially a second mover in this industry and had limited technological competence, they managed to move up the value chain within a few years, from operators of foreign-developed games to game developers. The catch-up process in this creative industry has differed from traditional manufacturing industries, which reflects the responsiveness and close proximity between product and service as key elements of the online game experience. This article conceptualizes this product–service offering in the industry and highlights its requirement for a widespread geographical network, as well as close proximity and responsiveness between elements of the network. In the empirical study of the growth of the Chinese online game industry described here, we argue that Chinese companies have managed to grow by utilizing the strategic control of service, player preferences, and responsiveness in this network, and translating this control into constant incremental improvement of their game development offering.
Keywords: China; Korea; MMOG; network; online gaming; product and service; service innovation

The Promoting Force of Technology for Service Innovation in High-Tech Industries - Silvia Gliem; Janny Klabuhn; Nadine Litwin (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
This article focuses on the interaction between the development of technology and service innovation. It goes “back to the basics” by analyzing the first theoretical contributions to the service innovation literature from the late 1980s. These contributions were heavily technologically oriented: they aimed at bringing the results of technological innovation to the realm of services. More specifically, we focus on the model of “reverse innovation cycle” on one hand, and on the first innovation-specific categorization of services on the other. The latter introduced the division into supplier-dominated, production-intensive/scale-intensive, and science-based services. Our purpose is to examine in which ways these theoretical approaches could promote our understanding about the new phenomena of technology-service interaction in innovation. In the second part of the article, we apply these approaches in five case studies that originate from different service industries and that differ in size and technologies. The findings of the analysis demonstrate that the applicability of the approaches to the case studies depends on several factors including the kind of technology involved in the innovation activities, the stage of development of this technology, and the type of service.
Keywords: case studies; dynamic model of process and product innovation; reverse innovation cycle; service innovation; technology; technology adoption; technology development; typologies

Q&A. What is the Future of Entrepreneurship in India? - Ritu Dubey (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: ecosystem; entrepreneurship; incubators; India; social entrepreneurship; support agencies

Q&A. What Motivates Cyber-Attackers? - Chen Han; Rituja Dongre (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: cyber-attack; cybercrime; cybersecurity; hackers; motivation

Radical Versus Incremental Innovation: The Importance of Key Competences in Service Firms - Marit Engen; Inger Elisabeth Holen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Today, innovation often takes place using open practices and relies on many sources for knowledge and information. The purpose of this article is to study how different knowledge-based antecedents influence the ability of service organizations to innovate. Using data about the Norwegian service sector from the 2010 Community Innovation Survey, we examined how three types of competence, namely R&D activities, employee-based activities, and customer-related activities, influence the propensity of firms to introduce radical or incremental innovations. The results show that R&D-based competence is important for service firms when pursuing radical innovations, whereas employee-based activities such as idea collaboration are only found to influence incremental innovations. The use of customer information was found to be an important driver for both radical and incremental innovations. The findings points to managerial challenges in creating and balancing the types of competence needed, depending on type of innovation targeted by an organization.
Keywords: community innovation survey; competences; innovation; innovation novelty; services

Resolving Legitimacy Deficits in Technology Startups through Professional Services Practices - Jay Payette (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
As new ventures, technology startups face a key challenge that is specifically associated with their young age: a perceived lack of organizational legitimacy. Organizational legitimacy is an important factor in the growth and survival of new ventures and is therefore an important issue for managers and entrepreneurs to address. Although there are many different typologies for defining types of organizational legitimacy, this article argues that technology startups should focus on developing external pragmatic legitimacy as a means of acquiring the resources required to grow and thrive. However, despite the many ways by which an organization can develop external pragmatic legitimacy, few are well suited to technology startups. Based on a review of the different types of organizational legitimacy and an assessment of their applicability to the context of technology startups, this article recommends that technology entrepreneurs should consider the creation of professional services practices to help develop external pragmatic legitimacy and overcome the “liability of newness”.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; impression of viability; legitimacy; new ventures; operational verification; organizational legitimacy; pragmatic legitimacy; pragmatic validation; professional services; technology startups; viability

Reviewing the Knowledge Systems of Innovation and the Associated Roles of Major Stakeholders in the Indian Context - Punit Saurabh; Prabha Bhola; Kalyan Kumar Guin (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
In this article, we review various models of knowledge systems and discusses the relationships between various component stakeholders of innovation, namely higher-education institutions, industry, and government. The article uses India as a case study to examine new challenges and opportunities facing its innovation ecosystem. Within this context, we review existing models of knowledge systems through an innovative representation exemplifying the knowledge landscape and the model positioning. We argue for a reinforcing role of major stakeholders in the proliferation of innovation and entrepreneurship, and the need to promote healthy interactions between them.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; government; higher-education institutions; industry; innovation ecosystem; innovation system; knowledge systems; models; stakeholders; university

The Role of Managers as Agents in Successful Service Innovations: Evidence from India - Shiv S. Tripathi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The article is based on a three-year study of 70 business executives belonging to 20 large organizations operating in India to identify the kind of interventions used by agents (managers) to make service innovations successful. For the purpose of analysis, the subject organizations were classified into highly successful, successful, and unsuccessful organizations on the basis of their growth rate, and their practices were analyzed to identify the role of agents in those processes or related decisions. The article also compares the practices followed by organizations based in India with global organizations operating in India to understand the contextual issues of service innovations.
Keywords: agents; entrepreneurship; global organizations; India; intrapreneurship; managers; service innovation

Safety in the Online World of the Future - Nadeem Douba; Björn Rütten; David Scheidl; Paul Soble; D’Arcy Walsh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
In this article, we address what it means to be safe in the online world of the future by advocating the perspective whereby improving safety will improve resilience in cyberspace. We adopt a specific approach towards transdisciplinarity; present a weakly transdisciplinary model of the safety context and an initial position about what existing disciplines are most relevant; and link prospect theory to risk-based decision making as one example that could lead to a new paradigm for safety. By treating safety as a transdisciplinary challenge, there is an opportunity to enable the participants of the online world to become more productive and creative than ever before. The beneficiary of this increased productivity and creativity will ultimately be the public. The perspective of this article is of interest to senior decision makers, policy makers, managers, educators, strategists, futurists, scientists, technologists, and others interested in shaping the online world of the future.
Keywords: cybersecurity; prospect theory; risk-based decision making; safety; security; weak transdisciplinary

Strengthening Innovation Capacity through Different Types of Innovation Cultures - Jens-Uwe Meyer (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
In times of increased market dynamics, companies must be capable of initiating and implementing innovation projects that vary greatly in type, speed, and degree of innovation. Many companies do not succeed. This article introduces Innolytics, an innovation management tool that allows companies to successfully face this challenge by analyzing their innovation culture and managing its development in the right direction. Analyzing empirical data from 200 staff members employed by German, Austrian, and Swiss companies using exploratory factor analysis, four types of innovation cultures were identified, each of which foster a different degree of organizational creativity. Proactive innovators (21%) promote organizational creativity at a high level and across all categories. Strategic innovators (26%) foster innovation by focusing on their strategy and their value system. Innovative optimizers (36%) promote more adaptive levels whereas operational innovators (16%) promote low levels of organizational creativity. Each type enables a company or a business unit to manage different degrees of innovation projects. The Innolytics tool introduced and described in this article will enable companies to better meet the challenges of rapidly changing markets.
Keywords: corporate creativity; innovation management; innovativeness; innovation culture; innovation capacities; organizational creativity

TIM Lecture Series – Adventures in Innovation: Inside the Rise and Fall of Nortel - John F. Tyson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: Bell-Northern Research; BNR; company culture; industrial design; innovation; Nortel; Northern Telecom; user-centred design

TIM Lecture Series – Cybersecurity Metrics and Simulation - George Cybenko (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: cybersecurity; metrics; modelling; simulation

TIM Lecture Series – Insights on Innovation - Ibrahim Gedeon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: customer focus; ecosystems; innovation; service provision; telecommunications

TIM Lecture Series – The Business of Cybersecurity - David Grau; Charles Kennedy (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: analytics; banking; cybersecurity; hacking; incident response; information security; intelligence; targets; threats

TIM Lecture Series – The Business of Open Source - Michael Weiss (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: architecture; business models; community; engagement; entrepreneurship; licensing; open source software; patterns

TIM Lecture Series – The Laboratory for Analytic Sciences: Developing the Art and Science of Analysis - J. David Harris (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: analysis; analytics; big data; collaboration; cybersecurity; framework; innovation; instrumentation; monitoring; prediction; strategy

TIM Lecture Series – Web Infections and Protections: Theory and Practice - Arnold Kwong (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
Keywords: attack vectors; countermeasures; cybersecurity; infections; Internet; privacy; security; targets; threat vectors; threats

Turning Technology into Business Using University Patents - Dap Hartmann (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
We present an education paradigm that stimulates innovation and entrepreneurship through a master's-level university course: "Turning Technology into Business". The course was specifically designed to connect technological research with education using patented technologies developed at the research faculties of a technical university in the Netherlands. We outline the structure and the main content of the course and explain the selection process of both the patents used in the course and the students admitted to the course. This program was initiated at Delft University of Technology in 2003 and has resulted in 10 startups that have commercialized new technologies and at least two additional dozen startups that are indirect spinoffs. To illustrate the potential of this approach, we describe the case of Holland Container Innovations, a company founded by students who developed a foldable sea container during the course.
Keywords: commercialization; entrepreneurship education; multi-disciplinary team work; patents; student entrepreneurs; technology entrepreneurship; university research

University Spinoffs: What, Why, and How? - Pinaki N. Pattnaik; Satyendra C. Pandey (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
University spinoffs have remarkably strengthened the linkage between universities and industry. The number of technology patents and spinoffs coming out of university research has a significant impact on regional economic and social development. To further highlight the importance of university spinoffs, the aim of this article is to review available literature on university spinoffs and present a comprehensive overview of what university spinoffs are, why they are important, what makes them significant, and how they are or can be created. In addition to reviewing existing models of university spinoff creation, we also propose a new, multi-stage, holistic model.
Keywords: stage model; technology patents; university spinoff; university-industry linkage

Using a Capability Perspective to Sustain IT Improvement - Paul E. Renaud; Sheppard D. Narkier; Sonia D. Bot (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
A firm’s dependency on the information technology (IT) function is increasingly central to its ability to innovate. The IT function must balance this need for change with sustaining consistent, highly reliable operation of all existing services. A firm’s ability to rapidly change IT is impeded by its legacy portfolio of applications and infrastructure because changes need to be very carefully managed and understood in order to avoid unintended consequences leading to system failure and process breakdown. The change imperative for IT is urgent and often determines how IT is valued by the rest of the firm. Improving the IT function’s agility requires improvement in IT capabilities, which can be categorized into three broad classes: technology, process, and competency. This article identifies the critical success factors for creating sustainable change for each of these three capability classes. It draws on the practical experience of the authors and leverages appropriate standards that provide grounding for change within the IT function of the firm, along with the roles and tasks that will be involved in this change agency. The article is of primary benefit for IT executives seeking to sustain an ongoing, systematic transformation of the IT function to enable IT entrepreneurship and agility.
Keywords: capability improvement; capability maturity model; change management; competency capability; enterprise architecture; IT function; organizational culture; organizational learning; process capability; shadow IT; technology capability

Using Trademarks to Measure Innovation in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services - Matthias Gotsch; Christiane Hipp (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
We present an empirical approach to measuring service innovation on the company level through the analysis of trademarks. Prior empirical investigations in several industries have shown that a trademark may be used as an innovation indicator. This article explores the use and relevance of trademarks by conducting a survey in the knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) industries with 278 participating companies. Our survey results explain the use of trademarks as a way to protect innovation and intellectual property for KIBS. In sum, we show that trademarks can be described as adequate and useful indicators to measure new service innovations in the KIBS industries. Additionally, we show that trademarks have the potential to overcome weaknesses of traditional measurement concepts towards KIBS innovation and might make special surveys redundant in the future.
Keywords: innovation; innovation indicator; KIBS; knowledge-intensive business services; trademarks

Widening the Perspective on Industrial Innovation: A Service-Dominant-Logic Approach - Heidi M. E. Korhonen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2014)
The servitization of industry has progressed from services as add-ons to services as solutions. Today, industrial innovation needs an even broader perspective that moves towards service-dominant logic. This logic emphasizes value co-creation in actor-to-actor networks and requires new organizational structures and practices in industry. The article presents the case of a Nordic manufacturer of arc welding equipment that has gone through an extensive development program to become more customer and service oriented. An innovative offering created during the program is analyzed as an example in order to gain deeper insight about the concrete application of service-dominant logic in business. In addition to the outcome perspective, the article discusses the implications of the service-dominant logic for innovation practices. The article illustrates the behaviour of cutting-edge servitizing manufacturers and argues that similar behaviour can be expected to become a necessity in all industrial companies with large structural changes.
Keywords: co-development; industrial service; practice; systemic innovation; value co-creation

Actor Roles in an Urban Living Lab: What Can We Learn from Suurpelto, Finland? - Soile Juujärvi; Kaija Pesso (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
There is a growing trend to involve citizens in city development to make urban areas more suitable to their needs and prevent social problems. City centres and neighbourhoods have increasingly been serving as regional living labs, which are ideal platforms to explore the needs of users as residents and citizens. This article examines the characteristics and success factors of urban living labs based on a case study of Suurpelto, Finland. Urban living lab activity is characterized by a practice-based innovation process with diffuse and heterogeneous knowledge production that aims to address urban problems of varying complexity. User involvement is critical for co-creating value, but equally important is collaboration between other living lab actors: enablers, providers, and utilizers. Enabler-driven labs can be successful in creating common goals but they need providers, such as development organizations, to boost development. Proactive networking, experimentation as a bottom-up process, using student innovators as resources, as well as commitment and longevity in development work are success factors for urban living labs.
Keywords: innovation; knowledge production; networks; regional development; urban living labs

Addressing Canada's Commercialization Crisis and Shortage of Venture Capital: Will the Federal Government’s Solution Work? - Stephen A. Hurwitz (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Lack of funding is a major challenge to innovation in Canada’s emerging technology industry. This article will focus on this supply-side challenge within the complex venture capital ecosystem and discuss: i) the current shortage of venture capital available to commercialize Canada’s R&D; ii) the causes and consequences of that venture capital shortage; iii) how the federal government will address this shortage through its innovative 2013 Venture Capital Action Plan, which commits $400 million and seeks to raise at least another $800 million from outside investors; and iv) how a separate decision in the federal 2013 budget to phase out federal tax credits for labour-sponsored venture capital funds could imperil the 2013 Venture Capital Action Plan.
Keywords: 2013 Venture Capital Action Plan; Canada; commercialization; labour-sponsored venture capital corporations; VC; venture capital

Code Forking, Governance, and Sustainability in Open Source Software - Linus Nyman; Juho Lindman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
The right to fork open source code is at the core of open source licensing. All open source licenses grant the right to fork their code, that is to start a new development effort using an existing code as its base. Thus, code forking represents the single greatest tool available for guaranteeing sustainability in open source software. In addition to bolstering program sustainability, code forking directly affects the governance of open source initiatives. Forking, and even the mere possibility of forking code, affects the governance and sustainability of open source initiatives on three distinct levels: software, community, and ecosystem. On the software level, the right to fork makes planned obsolescence, versioning, vendor lock-in, end-of-support issues, and similar initiatives all but impossible to implement. On the community level, forking impacts both sustainability and governance through the power it grants the community to safeguard against unfavourable actions by corporations or project leaders. On the business-ecosystem level forking can serve as a catalyst for innovation while simultaneously promoting better quality software through natural selection. Thus, forking helps keep open source initiatives relevant and presents opportunities for the development and commercialization of current and abandoned programs.
Keywords: code forking; open source software; sustainability; innovation; planned obsolescence

Coordination and Participation in Living Lab Networks - Seppo Leminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Previous research on living labs has emphasized the importance of users and a real-life environment. However, the existing scholarly discourse lacks understanding of innovation mechanisms in diverse living lab networks, especially from the perspectives of coordination and participation. This study addresses the research gaps by constructing a framework for analyzing coordination (i.e., top-down versus bottom-up) and participation (i.e., inhalation-dominated versus exhalation-dominated) approaches in living lab networks. The classification is based on a literature review and an analysis of 26 living labs in four countries. Given that inhalation and exhalation dominance have not been discussed previously in the innovation literature, the study provides novel ways for both scholars and managers wishing to exploit or explore innovations in living labs. The framework reveals the opportunities for practitioners of innovation with respect to coordination and participation in living lab networks.
Keywords: bottom-up; coordination; enabler-driven; exhalation-dominated; inhalation-dominated; innovation approach; Living lab; living lab network; Open innovation; open innovation network; participation; provider-driver; top-down; User-driven; utilizer-driven

Corporate Lifecycles: Modelling the Dynamics of Innovation and Its Support Infrastructure - Tamas Koplyay; Lisa Chillingworth; Brian Mitchell (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Corporate leadership and corporate culture have to be aligned to market realities to ensure the long-term success of a firm. As companies form, grow, and mature, the management of the enterprises also have to evolve through the business lifecycle. What is successful in the introduction stage may not be successful for a mature company. Firms are required to change their focus from product development, to market development, to process development, and finally to market and financial leadership. To be successful means that not only the types of employees hired have to evolve to support the culture required, but the leadership styles and management focus also have to change and adapt to the new realities that firms encounter in their market. The dynamic model presented in this article shows the broad strategic imperatives that must be met by firms, and it is presented through a graphical illustration of how successful firms manage their evolution and how firms can fail through mis-allocation of corporate efforts to non-mission critical initiatives.
Keywords: innovation; Innovation management; leadership; market lifecycle; model; organizational culture; staffing

Cybersecurity Futures: How Can We Regulate Emergent Risks? - Benoit Dupont (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
This article reviews nine socio-technical trends that are likely to shape the cybersecurity environment over the next decade. These nine trends have reached various levels of maturity, and some – such as quantum computing – are still theoretically contentious. These trends are: cloud computing; big data; the Internet of Things; the mobile Internet; brain–computer interfaces; near field communication payment systems; mobile robots; quantum computing; and the militarization of the Internet. What these nine trends have in common is that they will be instrumental in generating new opportunities for offending, which will result from an exponential increase in the quantity of data, number of connection points to the Internet, and velocity of data flows that irrigate the digital ecosystem. As a result, more opportunities for malicious exploitation will be available to attackers, “security by design” will be harder to achieve in such a fluid and dynamic environment, and the performance of control mechanisms is likely to erode significantly. Technical solutions to address these challenges are already being developed by computer scientists. This article focuses on a different and complementary approach, finding inspiration in the work of regulatory scholars who have framed promising theories such as regulatory pluralism and responsive regulation to explore options for the necessary institutional adaptation to these future changes.
Keywords: cybersecurity; cybersecurity policies; digital ecosystem; emerging risks; forecasting; regulation; technological trends

Developing an Innovation Engine to Make Canada a Global Leader in Cybersecurity - Tony Bailetti; Dan Craigen; David Hudson; Renaud Levesque; Stuart McKeen; D’Arcy Walsh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
An engine designed to convert innovation into a country’s global leadership position in a specific product market is examined in this article, using Canada and cybersecurity as an example. Five entities are core to the innovation engine: an ecosystem, a project community, an external community, a platform, and a corporation. The ecosystem is the focus of innovation in firm-specific factors that determine outcomes in global competition; the project community is the focus of innovation in research and development; and the external community is the focus of innovation in resources produced and used by economic actors that operate outside of the focal product market. Strategic intent, governance, resource flows, and organizational agreements bind the five entities together. Operating the innovation engine in Canada is expected to improve the level and quality of prosperity, security, and capacity of Canadians, increase the number of Canadian-based companies that successfully compete globally in cybersecurity product markets, and better protect Canada’s critical infrastructure. Researchers interested in learning how to create, implement, improve, and grow innovation engines will find this article interesting. The article will also be of interest to senior management teams in industry and government, chief information and technology officers, social and policy analysts, academics, and individual citizens who wish to learn how to secure cyberspace.
Keywords: business ecosystem; cybersecurity; innovation engine; innovation in commercialization; innovation in research and development

An Ecosystem-Based Job-Creation Engine Fuelled by Technology Entrepreneurs - Tony Bailetti; Sonia D. Bot (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Job creation is at the centre of the rationale provided by governments and publicly funded organizations for investing in services purported to support entrepreneurs to launch and grow technology startups. However, little is known about how to design and build the engines that convert these publicly funded services into jobs in a region. In this article, we argue that the architecture of a job-creation engine fuelled by technology entrepreneurs is important and that it should be made visible to the stakeholders of a regional venture system. The manner in which the components of a job-creation engine are organized and integrated determines the effectiveness and efficiency of the conversion of public funds into jobs. Making visible the architecture of a job-creation engine enables individuals and organizations to: i) better understand the link between the investment made to service technology entrepreneurs and systematic job creation; ii) utilize the regional venture system more effectively; and iii) set the performance benchmark for capability improvement and rapid adjustment to environmental changes. The experience gained from operating Lead To Win since 2009 is used to describe the architecture of a job-creation engine fuelled by technology entrepreneurs that operate in Canada’s Capital Region. Lead To Win is an ecosystem designed to help a technology venture generate sufficient revenue to create six or more knowledge jobs in the region within three years of inception.
Keywords: accelerator; economic development; entrepreneur; incubator; job creation; Lead To Win; startups; technology entrepreneurship

Editorial: Cybersecurity (August 2013) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: Canada; cyberattacks; cybersecurity; cyberthreats; information technology; network security; research; risk assessment

Editorial: Cybersecurity (July 2013) - Chris McPhee; Tony Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: Canada; cyberattacks; cybersecurity; cyberthreats; information technology; network security; research

Editorial: Insights (June 2013) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: case study; intellectual property; IT function; open source business; process ambidexterity; risk management; software licenses; startups; technology entrepreneurship; uncertainty

Editorial: Living Labs and Crowdsourcing (December 2013) - Chris McPhee; Mika Westerlund; Seppo Leminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: crowdsourcing; living labs; Open innovation

Editorial: Living Labs (November 2013) - Chris McPhee; Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: design; living labs; networks; Open innovation; regional development; services

Editorial: Local Open Innovation (March 2013) - Chris McPhee; Christophe Deutsch (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: collaboration; economic development; local open innovation; Open innovation; problem solving

Editorial: Managing Innovation for Tangible Performance (October 2013) - Chris McPhee; Sorin Cohn (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: applied research; boundary management; commercialization; company culture; competitiveness; firm-level innovation management; innovation literacy; innovative capabilities; managing innovation; market lifecycle

Editorial: Managing Innovation for Tangible Performance (September 2013) - Chris McPhee; Sorin Cohn (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: commercialization; competitiveness; firm-level innovation management; innovative capabilities; managing innovation

Editorial: Open Innovation and Entrepreneurship (April 2013) - Chris McPhee; Jean-Pierre Segers (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: business ecosystems; entrepreneurial orientation; entrepreneurship; incubation; innovation; Open innovation; partnership; R&D; regional innovation system; strategy

Editorial: Open Source Sustainability (January 2013) - Chris McPhee; Maha Shaikh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: governance; open source; oss; sustainability

Editorial: Platforms, Communities, and Business Ecosystems (February 2013) - Chris McPhee; Steven Muegge (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: business ecosystems; communities; platforms; technology entrepreneurship

Editorial: Technology Evolution (May 2013) - Chris McPhee; Michael Weiss (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2013)
Keywords: business ecosystems; industrial instrumentation and control; innovation; Innovation management; mashups; R&D; technological change; technology evolution; web applications