@article {963,
	title = {Crowdsourcing Literature Reviews in New Domains},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Conducting a literature review in new domains presents unique challenges. The literature in a new domain is typically broad, fragmented, and growing quickly. Because little is known about the new domain, the literature review cannot be guided by established classifications of knowledge, unlike in an existing domain. Rather, it will be driven by evidence that challenges and extends existing knowledge. In a way, exploring a new domain means looking for anomalies in the evidence that cannot be explained by what is already known. This article summarizes lessons from conducting two literature reviews in new domains in the area of cybersecurity. It then presents a design for using leader-driven crowdsourcing to collect evidence and synthesize it into insights in a new domain. The article will be relevant to those who are exploring a new domain, in particular students, researchers, and members of R\&D projects in industry.},
	keywords = {co-creation, crowdsourcing, crowdsourcing platform, cybersecurity, literature review, narrative, new domains, systematic},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/963},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/963},
	author = {Michael Weiss}
}
@article {1029,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Tourism (November 2016)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, boundary objects, co-creation, crowdsourcing, innovation, living labs, smart cities, smart destinations, technology, tourism},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1029},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1029},
	author = {Chris McPhee and David Guimont and Dominic Lapointe}
}
@article {1033,
	title = {A Process for Co-Creating Shared Value with the Crowd: Tourism Case Studies from a Regional Innovation System in Western Switzerland},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {32-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the presence of a regional innovation system, the gross value added attributed to tourism in the Swiss region of Valais is declining. Innovation policies fostering private initiatives and collaboration between companies, researchers, and coaching services have been reinforced recently, and policy instruments are in place to support strategic industries. However, no incitement instrument is dedicated to supporting the co-creation and the creation of shared value through local actors. This article presents a co-creation process of shared value and the lessons learned while implementing a new mode of innovation and entrepreneurship in two case studies in the peripheral region of Valais, Switzerland. The aim of the process is the co-creation of shared value-based business models, with an emphasis on the use of crowdsourcing to find new ways to create shared value.},
	keywords = {business models, co-creation, crowdsourcing, innovation, regional innovation system, shared value, tourism, tourism cluster},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1033},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1033},
	author = {Vincent Gr{\`e}zes and B{\'e}atrice Girod Lehmann and Marc Schnyder and Antoine Perruchoud}
}
@article {947,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs and User Innovation (December 2015)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {business models, closed innovation, context, crowdsourcing, innovation networks, living labs, Open innovation, spaces and places, urban living labs, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/947},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/947},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Dimitri Schuurman and Mika Westerlund and Eelko Huizingh}
}
@article {950,
	title = {Leveraging Living Lab Innovation Processes through Crowdsourcing},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {28-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Around the globe, crowdsourcing initiatives are emerging and contributing in a diversity of areas, such as in crisis management and product development and to carry out micro-tasks such as translations and transcriptions. The essence of crowdsourcing is to acknowledge that not all the talented people work for you; hence, crowdsourcing brings more perspectives, insights, and visions to, for instance, an innovation process. In this article, we analyze how crowdsourcing can contribute to the different stages of innovation processes carried out in living labs and thus contribute to living labs by strengthening their core role as innovation process facilitators. We have also identified benefits and challenges that need to be grappled with for managers of living labs to make it possible for the crowd to fully support their cause.},
	keywords = {citizen, crowdsourcing, ICT, innovation process, Living lab, user},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/950},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/950},
	author = {Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Josefin Lassinantti}
}
@article {829,
	title = {Challenging the Stage-Gate Model in Crowdsourcing: The Case of Fiat Mio in Brazil},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	pages = {28-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A large crowdsourcing project managed by Fiat Brazil involved more than 17,000 participants from 160 different nationalities over 15 months. Fiat promoted a dialogue with an enthusiastic community by linking car experts, professionals, and lay people, through which more than 11,000 ideas were selected and developed to create a concept car using a collaborative process. Through an in-depth case study of this crowdsourcing project, we propose a new approach {\textendash} the accordion model {\textendash} which uses project management to help maximize the beneficial inputs of the crowd. Whereas the stage-gate process relies on a {\textquotedblleft}funnel{\textquotedblright} of articulated sequences expressing a progressive reduction from an initial stock of potential ideas and concepts, in this article, we suggest that crowdsourced projects are more akin to a process that articulates a succession of broadening and funnelling periods that represent information requests and deliveries. We use the metaphorical terminology of {\textquotedblleft}the sacred and the profane{\textquotedblright} to illustrate the interaction of sophisticated and ordinary ideas between the {\textquotedblleft}sacred{\textquotedblright} experts from Fiat and the {\textquotedblleft}profane{\textquotedblright} lay people associated with the project. Lessons learned from the Fiat Mio case suggest how both organizations and Internet users may benefit from successful crowdsourcing projects.},
	keywords = {automobile industry, Brazil, crowdsourcing, Fiat, marketing, Open innovation, project management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/829},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/829},
	author = {Fabio Prado Saldanha and Patrick Cohendet and Marlei Pozzebon}
}
@article {764,
	title = {Collaborative Idea Management: A Driver of Continuous Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {02/2014},
	pages = {11-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the critical importance of innovation to most companies{\textquoteright} ongoing success, many organizations fail to develop sustainable innovation management processes. The article explores the application of collaborative idea management to drive continuous innovation in large organizations based on our experience at Waabii, an innovation software and consulting service provider. First, we identify the key roadblocks faced by organizations in managing their innovation processes. Next, we describe the innovation model created at Waabii to help implement a sustainable innovation process, and we present a case study of an innovation management software solution, Exago Idea Market, which was implemented to create a collaborative and sustainable innovation environment in a large global telecommunications company. Finally, we offer recommendations for implementing this model of collaborative idea management. This article is particularly relevant to managers in larger organizations and practitioners of organizational change seeking to identify inhibitors of growth and business innovation and how to combat the roadblocks and create a sustainable innovation environment.},
	keywords = {collaboration, collaborative idea management, crowdsourcing, culture, innovation, leadership, Open innovation, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/764},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/764},
	author = {Jesper Bank and Adnan Raza}
}
@article {769,
	title = {Editorial: Emerging Technologies (March 2014)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {03/2014},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {3D printing, big data analytics, BYOD, crowdsourcing, emerging technology, entrepreneurship, innovation, IT consumerization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/769},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/769},
	author = {Chris McPhee and David Hudson}
}
@article {825,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (September 2014)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {born global, crowdsourcing, entrepreneurship, innovation, internationalization, patent citations, patent evaluation, social networks, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/825},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/825},
	author = {Chris McPhee}
}
@article {770,
	title = {HarassMap: Using Crowdsourced Data to Map Sexual Harassment in Egypt},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {03/2014},
	pages = {7-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Through a case study of HarassMap, an advocacy, prevention, and response tool that uses crowdsourced data to map incidents of sexual harassment in Egypt, this article examines the application of crowdsourcing technology to drive innovation in the field of social policy. This article applies a framework that explores the potential, limitations, and future applications of crowdsourcing technology in this sector to reveal how crowdsourcing technology can be applied to overcome cultural and environmental constraints that have traditionally impeded the collection of data. Many of the lessons emerging from this case study hold relevance beyond the field of social policy. Applied to specific problems, this technology can be used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of mitigation strategies, while facilitating rapid and informed decision making based on "good enough" data. However, this case also illustrates a number of challenges arising from the integrity of crowdsourced data and the potential for ethical conflict when using this data to inform policy formulation. },
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, data collection, HarassMap, international development, social policy, user contribution systems},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/770},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/770},
	author = {Chelsea Young}
}
@article {747,
	title = {Editorial: Living Labs and Crowdsourcing (December 2013)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, living labs, Open innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/747},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/747},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {750,
	title = {From Idea Crowdsourcing to Managing User Knowledge},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {23-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article explores how technology companies can benefit from user knowledge in product and service innovation beyond mere idea generation through crowdsourcing. We investigate a case from the telecommunications sector to discover the ways a company can overcome the challenges of motivating users to participate in innovation activity and gaining from their knowledge in the innovation process. In particular, we seek to learn how the company has created understanding about the future uses of technology and the developments of the market with the lead users. In addition, we analyze the key means of capturing value from the knowledge gathered from the users, including the essential organizational practices that support user innovation and the ways the company makes sense of the vast volume and variety of user knowledge. Our empirical inquiry increases the understanding of how technology companies can complement and use crowdsourcing to effectively utilize knowledge resident in user communities. },
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, knowledge management, lead users, online communities, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/750},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/750},
	author = {Risto Rajala and Mika Westerlund and Mervi Vuori and Jukka-Pekka Hares}
}
@article {657,
	title = {How Can Entrepreneurs Motivate Crowdsourcing Participants?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {02/2013},
	pages = {23-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Crowdsourcing is a way to access a global crowd of talented people and to channel their talent and creative effort towards some useful endeavour. Technology entrepreneurs who may have limited resources, especially during the start-up phase of the business, will be attracted to crowdsourcing as a means to access funding, knowledge, subject matter experts, and resources on a global scale. In this article, we review the published research on crowdsourcing as it relates to motivation, and distil the insights from that research that will be useful to technology entrepreneurs. First, we organize the published research into three streams according to crowd type: i) task-based public crowd, ii) information-exchange public crowd, and iii) employee-based crowd. Next, we identify the motivational drivers common to all streams as well as the motivational drivers that are unique to each stream. Finally, we offer five recommendations for technology entrepreneurs seeking to apply crowdsourcing.},
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, entrepreneur, startup, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/657},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/657},
	author = {Derek Smith and Mohammad Mehdi Gharaei Manesh and Asrar Alshaikh}
}
@article {665,
	title = {Problemsourcing: Local Open Innovation for R\&D Organizations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {03/2013},
	pages = {14-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open innovation and crowdsourcing are usually focused on using others external to the organization to solve your problems. How then do R\&D organizations, who traditionally solve the problems of others, harness the benefits of open innovation and crowdsourcing yet maintain their mission and capabilities? "Problemsourcing" may provide the answer. In this mode of open innovation, the open call to the "crowd" of businesses is for them to suggest problems that, if solved by the R\&D organization, could greatly enhance the business{\textquoteright} competitive advantage and therefore the nation{\textquoteright}s economy. 

In this article, we describe a problemsourcing initiative developed by Industrial Research Ltd (IRL), a government-owned R\&D organization in New Zealand. The "What{\textquoteright}s Your Problem New Zealand?" competition promised NZ$1m worth of R\&D services to the winning business. Using this case study, we map a range of benefits of crowdsourcing for R\&D problems, including generating a potential pipeline of projects and clients as well as avoiding the challenge to the professional status of the organization{\textquoteright}s research capability. A side-effect not initially taken account of was that, by demonstrating openness, accessibility, and helpfulness, the reputation of the research organization was greatly enhanced. 

The problemsourcing model provided by the "What{\textquoteright}s Your Problem New Zealand?" competition represents a new strategic possibility for R\&D organizations that complements their traditional business model by drawing on the openness that open innovation and crowdsourcing seek to leverage. As such, it can provide insights for other research organizations wishing to make use of the connectivity afforded by open innovation and crowdsourcing.},
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, local open innovation, Open innovation, problemsourcing, R\&D},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/665},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/665},
	author = {Sally Davenport and Stephen Cummings and Urs Daellenbach and Charles Campbell}
}
@article {751,
	title = {Risk Management in Crowdsourcing-Based Business Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {32-38},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The benefits of crowdsourcing are enabled by open environments where multiple external stakeholders contribute to a firm{\textquoteright}s outcomes. However, crowdsourcing typically has been examined as a general process and not from the specific perspective of a mechanism for driving value creation and capture within a business ecosystem. In this conceptual article, we highlight this research gap by examining crowdsourcing from a business ecosystem perspective and by identifying the inherent business risks in crowdsourcing-based business ecosystems. We apply the concept of ecosystem health to the crowdsourcing context, in terms of how firms create and capture value, and we examine the methods by which these firms can maximize health by mitigating risk in crowdsourcing-based business ecosystems.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem health, business ecosystems, crowdsourcing, risk management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/751},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/751},
	author = {Suchita Nirosh Kannangara and Peter Uguccioni}
}
@article {664,
	title = {The Seeking Solutions Approach: Solving Challenging Business Problems with Local Open Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {03/2013},
	pages = {6-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {How can small and medium-sized enterprises try open innovation and increase their level of collaboration with local partners? This article describes a possible solution: the Seeking Solutions approach. The Seeking Solutions process consists of four steps: a call for problems, problem selection, problem broadcast, and a collaborative event. This approach has been successfully used for the Quebec Seeks Solutions events in 2010 and 2012 with concrete results and real impacts. By mixing open innovation and collaboration, the Seeking Solutions approach has introduced a new concept: local open innovation. },
	keywords = {broadcast of search, collaboration, crowdsourcing, local open innovation, Open innovation, Seeking Solutions},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/664},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/664},
	author = {Christophe Deutsch}
}
@article {576,
	title = {Being Disruptive: How Open Growth is Delivering Effective Social Change at a Fast Pace},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {07/2012},
	pages = {16-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Both innovators and funders need tools that map the entire constellation of solutions in a sector. Innovators, often labeled and isolated as system disruptors, need to be linked with their global peers offering and seeking each others proven strategies to accelerate positive change. The impact investing space needs a simple, open, and transparent way to find, convene, support, and track the progress of innovators.

This article describes how the Ashoka Changemakers.com online community creates a space for: investors to find and support multiple innovations; social innovators to find each other, work together, and source funds; and disruptive innovations to grow over time where disruptive change is needed, fast. Crowd-sourcing, transparency, and open growth are keys to accelerating large-scale change and creating a world of changemakers.
},
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, open growth, open source, scaling-up, social entrepreneurship, social innovation, social networks, transparency},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/576},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/576},
	author = {Elisha Muskat and Delyse Sylvester}
}
@article {615,
	title = {To Internationalize Rapidly from Inception: Crowdsource},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {10/2012},
	pages = {17-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology entrepreneurs continuously search for tools to accelerate the internationalization of their startups. For the purpose of internationalizing rapidly from inception, we propose that technology startups use crowdsourcing to internalize the tacit knowledge embodied in members of a crowd distributed across various geographies.  For example, a technology startup can outsource to a large crowd the definition of a customer problem that occurs across various geographies, the development of the best solution to the problem, and the identification of attractive business expansion opportunities. 

In this article, we analyze how three small firms use crowdsourcing, discuss the benefits of crowdsourcing, and offer six recommendations to technology entrepreneurs interested in using crowdsourcing to rapidly internationalize their startups from inception.},
	keywords = {born global, crowdsourcing, entrepreneurship, globalization, internationalization, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/615},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/615},
	author = {Elnaz Heidari and Mohsen Akhavannia and Nirosh Kannangara}
}
