@article {1479,
	title = {Blockchain Implementation Challenges in Developing Countries: An evidence-based systematic review and bibliometric analysis},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {22010202},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Contemporary research on technology and innovation management has gauged blockchain as a catalyst for the electronic-information era. As developing countries around the globe are facing challenges to adopt and implement blockchain, this evidence-based systematic review aims to identify the implementation challenges of blockchain technology for developing countries. A total of 1,298 published documents during the period 2016-2021 from the Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect databases were explored to recognize 19 appropriate publications for research analysis using a PRISMA flow diagram. Based on the identified challenges from the thorough reviews of these 19 publications, using the association technique, the authors developed four comprehensive themes as broad challenges: technological, governance, organizational and environmental, and knowledge. Later, they performed bibliometric analyses using VOSviewer 1.6.17, and based on the bibliometric evidence constructed term co-occurrence network plots. The results show that developing countries face challenges vis-{\`a}-vis technological, governance, organizational and environmental, and knowledge issues when implementing blockchain technology. Hence, to make blockchain adoption and implementation processes successful in developing countries, these broad categories of challenges must be properly addressed. In addition, practitioners of disruptive technology, policymakers, consultants, IT experts, business people, top company managers, and above all, respective governments need to pay attention to these challenges for accelerating the blockchain adoption and implementation process in developing countries.},
	keywords = {bibliometric analysis, blockchain, challenges, developing country, implementation, PRISMA, systematic review, VOSviewer},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1479},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1479},
	author = {Abu Naser Mohammad Saif and K. M. Anwarul Islam and Afruza Haque and Hamida Akhter and S.M. Masudur Rahman and Nusrat Jafrin and Rasheda Akter Rupa and Rehnuma Mostafa}
}
@article {1478,
	title = {The Diffusion of Blockchain as a General Purpose Technology Driving Digital Transformation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05-2022},
	pages = {22010201},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Digital transformation as a process is integrally linked to the creation and diffusion of a set of general purpose technologies (GPTs) that provide both the motive force, as well as the means, for the transformation of existing industries and the creation of entirely new ones. This article takes as its subject the diffusion of one such technology - blockchain - and explores the relationship between the Schumpeterian innovation at the core of its diffusion and digital transformation as a macro process. Theoretically, I work from Rogers{\textquoteright} definition of diffusion as a locally heterogeneous process in which variation in a new technology\&rsquo;s use and adaptation are driven by the decisions of entrepreneurs working in specific contexts, as well as Schumpeter{\textquoteright}s concept of innovation as a form of recombination. I explore variation in these processes of innovation and recombination across three broad clusters of implementations: Digital Economies, Extra-Institutional Trust, and Digital Finance. I find that each of these clusters is marked by a distinct form of innovation defined by differing patterns of recombination with other digital GPTs, and by the role that institutions and institutional actors play in this variation.},
	keywords = {blockchain, digital, general purpose technology, innovation, institutions, transformation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1478},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1478},
	author = {Jason Windawi}
}
@article {1482,
	title = {Interview: Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services. Part I: Transformation and Adoption of DLTs, Technology and Innovation, Markets and Money Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {22010205},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This interview on {\textquotedblleft}Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services{\textquotedblright} between 9th Gear Technologies, Inc., CPQi and the TIM Review took place on April 22nd and 29th, 2022. The interviewees were Maryanne Morrow, CEO, Founder, and Chairman of 9th Gear, and Matthew Midson, CEO, North America, CPQi. The interview was conducted by Gregory Sandstrom, Managing Editor, TIM Review.},
	keywords = {blockchain, digital transformation, distributed ledger technology, FinTech, Real Time Settlement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1482},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1482},
	author = {Maryanne Morrow and Matthew Midson and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1483,
	title = {Interview: Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services. Part II: Governance and Legal Issues, Future Opportunities, Development Needs and Research Pathways},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {22010206},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This interview on {\textquotedblleft}Blockchain and Digital Transformation in Financial Services{\textquotedblright} between 9th Gear Technologies, Inc., CPQi and the TIM Review took place on April 22nd and 29th, 2022. The interviewees were Maryanne Morrow, CEO, Founder, and Chairman of 9th Gear, and Matthew Midson, CEO, North America, CPQi. The interview was conducted by Gregory Sandstrom, Managing Editor, TIM Review.},
	keywords = {blockchain, digital transformation, distributed ledger technology, FinTech, Real Time Settlement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1483},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1483},
	author = {Maryanne Morrow and Matthew Midson and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1450,
	title = {Call for Papers: Blockchain and Digital Transformation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {-},
	year = {2021},
	month = {07/2021},
	pages = {-},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {blockchain, decentralized autonomous organizations, digital transformation, distributed ledger technology},
	issn = {1927-0321}
}
@article {1422,
	title = {Call for Papers: Distributed Ledger Technologies for Smart Digital Economies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02/2021},
	pages = {1-1},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {1},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, blockchain, cybersecurity, digital economy, distributed ledger technology, smartification},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1422},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1422}
}
@article {1445,
	title = {A Cross-Pollination of Ideas about Distributed Ledger Technological Innovation through a Multidisciplinary and Multisectoral lens: Insights from the Blockchain Technology Symposium {\textquoteright}21},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {58-66},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {58},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Blockchain Technology Symposium 2021 (BTS{\textquoteright}21) is a forum where academic researchers, industry professionals, and decision makers came together to present recent advancements, discuss adoption barriers, tackle common challenges, and explore future roadmaps surrounding blockchain and its related technologies such as consensus algorithms, smart contracts, cryptocurrencies, and distributed ledger technologies generally. As a follow-up to BTS{\textquoteright}18 and BTS{\textquoteright}20, which were hosted by Ryerson University and The Fields Institute, and by popular demand, BTS 2021 gathered a diverse audience from academia, industry, and policy makers to engage in a dialogue around crucial topics in the adoption of blockchain technology, with the aim of cross-fertilizing ideas from these communities to address the challenges and seize the opportunities brought forward by this promising technology. BTS{\textquoteright}21 featured multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral talks and presentations on four major themes: (1) decentralized finance (DeFi), (2) decentralized identity, (3) decentralized health and (4) decentralized supply chain management. This article provides reflections on some of the key insights found in the BTS\&rsquo;21 presentations.},
	keywords = {blockchain, decentralization, decentralized finance, decentralized health, decentralized identity, decentralized supply chains, distributed ledgers, innovation, technology adoption, technology management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1445},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1445},
	author = {Victoria L. Lemieux and Atefeh Mashatan and Rei Safavi-Naini and Jeremy Clark}
}
@article {1449,
	title = {Distributed Ledger Technologies and Social Machines: How to {\textquotedblleft}smartify{\textquotedblright} the economy with blockchain-based digital extension services?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {42-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {42},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper examines the broad impact of digitalization on economic development. More specifically, it addresses the computer science-derived notion of "social machines", along with the invention of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) (or blockchain), as potential signposts on the pathway to "smart(er) digital economies". The paper investigates blockchain-based ecosystems as examples of social machines that assist in economic "smartification" and development. It looks at distributed ledger-based communities (DLCs) that provide examples of functioning social machines for a variety of business and personal network communications purposes. It then analyses the scaleup of DLT-based social machines by comparison with "extension services", largely in education and agriculture, which are currently undergoing processes of digitalization. Overall, this conceptual study examines the general horizons and potential impact of blockchain and social machines on the provision of online products and services, across a range of sectors and industries. The paper offers interpretative assistance to managers, entrepreneurs, technology experts, and academics with lingering questions about blockchain in and for business and economic development.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, blockchain, digital economy, digital platform, distributed ledger technology, economic development, extension services, extension thinking, innovation diffusion, Internet of Things, ledger community, smartification, social machines, web science},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1449},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1449},
	author = {Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1446,
	title = {An Exploration of Blockchain-based Traceability in Food Supply Chains: On the Benefits of Distributed Digital Records from Farm to Fork},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {6-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {6},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There are growing internal and external pressures for traceability in food supply chains due to food scandals. Traceability refers to tracking food from the consumer back to the farm and vice versa for quality control and management. However, many traceability solutions have failed to meet the needs of supply chain stakeholders. Blockchain is a novel distributed database technology that could solve some issues of traditional traceability systems, such as cost of adoption and vulnerabilities to hacking and data tampering. This study aims to gain insights on the benefits of applying blockchain technology for traceability in food supply chains through literature review and an investigation of five companies that are experimenting with blockchain-based food traceability. Our findings suggest that, upon implementation and contribution by all supply chain participants, blockchain-based traceability can provide cost-savings, reduced response time to food scandals and food-borne illness outbreaks, improved security and accuracy, better compliance with government regulations, and thus increase consumer trust.},
	keywords = {blockchain, distributed ledger technology, food innovation, Food safety, food supply chain, supply chain management, traceability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1446},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1446},
	author = {Mika Westerlund and Soham Nene and Seppo Leminen and Mervi Rajahonka}
}
@article {1447,
	title = {Learning from Early Adopters of Blockchain Technology: A Systematic Review of Supply Chain Case Studies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {19-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {19},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology is widely seen as a promising technology for global supply chains, though early adoption of the technology is both costly and risky. Along with many other discouraging factors, large investments required to enter or develop a blockchain raise barriers to entry. Concerns about potential benefits, on the other hand, have led to companies questioning whether it is worth it. Consequently, many players in the global arena are still preferring to wait by observing current practices before making investments, while trying to figure out what the technology might bring them. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to research various implementations of blockchain technology in supply chains, in order to learn from its early adopters. For this purpose, we chose case studies as the research method, which we used in a systematic way. We focused on multiple relevant case studies from previous research concerning the use of blockchain technology in supply chain practices. Through a systematic analysis of case studies, the study paper aims at bringing forward different views, approaches and results about blockchain adoption, as a way to show the pros and cons of adopting the technology under certain circumstances. The previous research was obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. This paper contributes to the literature by showcasing the use of blockchain in supply chains via multiple cases to learn from early blockchain adopters in supply chain practices.
},
	keywords = {blockchain, digitalization, distributed ledger technology, supply chain, systematic review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1447},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1447},
	author = {Sevda Dede and Mesut Can K{\"o}seo{\u g}lu and H. Funda Yercan}
}
@article {1325,
	title = {Blockchain-enabled Clinical Study Consent Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02/2020},
	pages = {14-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Written informed consent (WIC) is required in the context of voluntary participation in a clinical trial. The trial participant gives WIC in accordance with various regulatory requirements. We present a framework concept for a blockchain-based distributed ledger solution, which aims at implementing simple and secure management of WIC documentation, along the entire data value chain from acquiring consent to academic publication, and (commercially) exploiting the results of a clinical study. This may include (but is not limited to) clinical deployment, security monitoring, and conformity with data privacy and ethical standards. Thus, we present a potential {\textquotedblleft}Health AI{\textquotedblright} application that goes beyond WIC documentation, to enabling the creation of a holistic data provenance trail graph. Such a framework concept aims to create sustainable value for study participants, clinicians, data scientists, and ultimately consumers. The framework{\textquoteright}s usefulness is relevant for ensuring the ethical development of artificial intelligence applications in the healthcare domain.},
	keywords = {AI Ethics., blockchain, Clinical Study, Health Artificial Intelligence (AI), Platform Business Model, Written Informed Consent},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1325},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1325},
	author = {Hans H. Jung and Franz M.J. Pfister}
}
@article {1410,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (December 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {12/2020},
	pages = {3-3},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {5G technology; Bitcoin, blockchain, business model, business model innovation, crypto assets, cryptocurrencies, Diem, Diem Association, digital currency, distributed ledger technology, Facebook, fiat currencies, financial inclusion, Financial industry, front-end, ideation, innovation, Libra, local currencies, Management Model, not-for-profit, research center, strategic foresight, strategy, technology firms; project portfolio management, tokenization; product innovativeness, visioning},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1410},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1410},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1363,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (June 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {06/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, blockchain, crowdfunding, crypto assets, cryptocurrencies, developing countries., distributed ledger technology, Employeedriven innovation, entrepreneurial finance, entrepreneurship, Ethereum, Financial industry, FinTech, ICOs, IEO, innovation, intellectual property rights, internationalization, IT industry, job autonomy, mining industry, moral hazard, need for autonomy, new company, Porter{\textquoteright}s Five Forces framework, regulation, scaling company value, scaling-up, self-leadership, signaling, SME, STO, sustainability, technological environment, technology, technology readiness, token offering, token sales, tokenization, value proposition, value proposition alignment, venture capital},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1363},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1363},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Gregory Sandstrom}
}
@article {1407,
	title = {Facebook{\textquoteright}s Digital Currency Venture {\textquotedblleft}Diem{\textquotedblright}:  the new Frontier ... or a Galaxy far, far away?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {12/2020},
	pages = {19-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {20},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article focuses on Facebook{\textquoteright}s new digital currency, initially called "Libra" and renamed in December 2020 "Diem", that has been designed and proposed by the Diem Association (formerly the Libra Association). It briefly reflects on the historical meaning of money and currency, as well as "local currencies" viewed as precursors to the new "digital currencies" or "cryptocurrencies". The paper presents a general overview of the Diem project, particularly from the perspective of financial theory and practise. It looks specifically into Diem{\textquoteright}s business model and analyzes the project{\textquoteright}s planned and potential revenue streams, according to official documents published by the Diem Association. The research identifies potential obstacles and hurdles this digital currency would (since it has not happened yet) face on launch day and assesses whether the project is feasible in its current form. In the authors{\textquoteright} view, although some early concerns were addressed in the Diem White Paper 2.0, the Diem project is only questionably ready for commercial launch in its current state. Speaking directly to the financial aspects of the Diem Association{\textquoteright}s project, the current regulatory hurdles and institutional pressures seem difficult to bypass without making some additional noticeable and meaningful changes to Diem.},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, blockchain, crypto assets, cryptocurrencies, Diem, Diem Association, digital currency, distributed ledger technology, Facebook, fiat currencies, financial inclusion, Financial industry, Libra, local currencies, tokenization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1407},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1407},
	author = {Jahja Rrustemi and Nils S. Tuchschmid}
}
@article {1368,
	title = {Fundraising Campaigns in a Digital Economy: Lessons from a Swiss Synthetic Diamond Venture{\textquoteright}s Initial Coin Offering (ICO)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {06/2020},
	pages = {53-63},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {53},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As economies digitalize and many local businesses gradually internationalize, crowdfunding platforms have offered a new way for ventures to raise capital. Relying on distributed ledger technology (DLT, blockchain), the method of "tokenization" now seems to be the next way for digital economics to be actualised in practise. Digitalizing some of the production and selling processes through crypto-tokenization technology has brought with it new perspectives and opportunities. Any thorough consideration of the logic of "distributed systems" applied to economics is bound to see that it potentially brings considerable disruptions and significant changes in how companies get access to funding. Cryptocurrencies, and subsequently "tokens" initially issued from "initial coin offerings" (ICOs) have answered an obvious need for efficient, borderless, and secure flows of capital. This article first summarizes what early academic research tells us about ICOs based on DLTs and their factors of success. We then use the case of LakeDiamond, a Swiss venture in the business of growing and polishing synthetic diamonds, to present and contextualize the process of holding an ICO, which ultimately did not succeed. In the final section, we present two fund raising models that have recently gained traction and popularity, namely "security token offerings" (STOs) and "initial exchange offerings" (IEOs), and highlight their main advantages compared to ICOs.},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, blockchain, crowdfunding, crypto assets, cryptocurrencies, distributed ledger technology, entrepreneurial finance, Ethereum, Financial industry, FinTech, ICOs, IEO, moral hazard., signaling, STO, token offering, token sales, tokenization, venture capital},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1368},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1368},
	author = {Jahja Rrustemi and Nils S. Tuchschmid}
}
@article {1352,
	title = {Trust, Transparency and Security in the Sharing Economy: What is the Government{\textquoteright}s Role?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {To obtain access to goods or services between people or stakeholders, some collaboration between actors is a necessary component. Sharing and a sharing economy is closely related to trust. Within the context of {\textquoteright}the{\textquoteright} sharing economy, especially digital trust is assumed to play a crucial role. Access to information is a crucial digital cue which can lead to trust yet, sharing economies are subject to asymmetry of information, wherein certain actors have limited access to market information on the consumption behaviour of users, the pricing of a product and, the reliability of peers. The lack of confidential market information between actors is thus limiting the potential for collaboration, as it reduces trust between them. Governments are amongst the (usually more trustworthy) candidates to undertake critical roles in enhancing the sharing of sensitive data. This paper aims to identify the role of government in facilitating and enabling data sharing between various actors in sharing economies. In this paper, we analyse the adequacy of a government{\textquoteright}s potential role in enabling transparency, trust and security, while operating within a sharing economy scenario, based on two case studies. Additionally, the role of technology is briefly defined for digital platforms and for blockchain-based opportunities for sharing economies. The use cases for the paper concern a digital platform for industrial symbioses, and peer-to-peer electricity trading based on blockchain technology.},
	keywords = {blockchain, government, network, P2P, peer-to-peer, sharing economy, trust},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1352},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1352},
	author = {Ruben D{\textquoteright}Hauwers and Jacobus van der Bank and Mehdi Montakhabi}
}
@article {1254,
	title = {Digital Payments: Impact Factors and Mass Adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {41-55},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study explores impact factors that affect the adoption of digital payment systems in sub-Saharan Africa. In this article, we investigate the impact factors that subject-matter experts consider most important to the success of FinTech payment models. The data and their responses are evaluated through the lens of Christensen{\textquoteright}s market-creation theory, which contends that the adoption of market-creating innovations by a mass swathe of heretofore non-consumers {\textquotedblleft}pulls{\textquotedblright} framework conditions into place, including missing infrastructure and enabling regulation. Then, we compare the findings with the literature and three case studies of mobile money adoption in Kenya, South Africa, and Nigeria. This study addresses a gap in the literature regarding the payment and money transfer segment of FinTech innovations in Africa using a multiple case study methodology. We drew together information from multiple sources, including semi-structured interviews, archival data in the form of industry and regulatory reports, and observational field notes. Our findings suggest that enabling environments (Kenya) do jumpstart adoption and difficult frameworks (Nigeria) do evolve. This study will help FinTech innovators, academics, and policymakers to understand how technology and framework conditions impact payment business models in Africa. },
	keywords = {adoption, blockchain, FinTech, mobile money, non-consumption, payments, sub-Saharan Africa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1254},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1254},
	author = {Leigh Soutter and Kenzie Ferguson and Michael Neubert}
}
@article {1109,
	title = {Anticipating the Economic Benefits of Blockchain},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	pages = {6-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this general overview article intended for non-experts, I define blockchain technology and some of the key concepts, and then I elaborate four specific applications that highlight the potential economic benefits of digital ledgers. These applications are digital asset registries, blockchains as leapfrog technology for global financial inclusion, long-tail personalized economic services, and net settlement payment channels. I also highlight key challenges that offset the potential economic benefits of blockchain distributed ledgers, while arguing that the benefits would outweigh the potential risks. The overarching theme is that an increasing amount of everyday operations involving money, assets, and documents could start to be conducted via blockchain-based distributed network ledgers with cryptographic security, and at more granular levels of detail. One economic implication of widespread blockchain adoption is that the institutional structure of society could shift to one that is computationally-based and thus has a diminished need for human-operated brick-and-mortar institutions.},
	keywords = {blockchain, cryptocurrencies, cryptoeconomics, cybersecurity, digital asset registries, digital goods, distributed ledgers, economics, eWallet, lightning network, long tail markets, payment channels, programmable money, smart assets, smart contracts, streaming money},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1109},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1102},
	author = {Melanie Swan}
}
@article {1112,
	title = {A Blockchain Ecosystem for Digital Identity: Improving Service Delivery in Canada{\textquoteright}s Public and Private Sectors},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	pages = {35-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Blockchain-based solutions have the potential to make government operations more efficient and improve the delivery of services in the public and private sectors. Identity verification and authentication technologies, as one of the applications of blockchain-based solutions {\textendash} and the focus of our own efforts at SecureKey Technologies {\textendash} have been critical components in service delivery in both sectors due to their power to increase trust between citizens and the services they access. To convert trust into solid value added, identities must be validated through highly-reliable technologies, such as blockchain, that have the capacity to reduce cost and fraud and to simplify the experience for customers while also keeping out the bad actors. With identities migrating to digital platforms, organizations and citizens need to be able to transact with reduced friction even as more counter-bound services move to online delivery. In this article, drawing on our own experiences with an ecosystem approach to digital identity, we describe the potential value of using blockchain technology to address the present and future challenges of identity verification and authentication within a Canadian context. },
	keywords = {blockchain, consumer privacy, cybersecurity, digital assets, digital attributes, digital identity, identity fraud, identity verification, online privacy, online security},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1112},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1112},
	author = {Greg Wolfond}
}
@article {1108,
	title = {Editorial: Blockchain (October 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {authentication, Bitcoin, blockchain, cryptography, digital identity, economics, healthcare, internal audit, services, smart contracts, transactions, trust},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1108},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1108},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Anton Ljutic}
}
@article {1111,
	title = {Hitching Healthcare to the Chain: An Introduction to Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare Sector},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	pages = {22-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Health services must balance patient care with information privacy, access, and completeness. The massive scale of the healthcare industry also amplifies the importance of cost control. The promise of blockchain technology in health services, combined with application layers built atop it, is to be a mechanism that provides utmost privacy while ensuring that appropriate users can easily add to and access a permanent record of information. Blockchains, also called distributed ledgers, enable a combination of cost reduction and increased accessibility to information by connecting stakeholders directly without requirements for third-party brokers, potentially giving better results at lower costs. New ventures are looking to apply blockchain technology to solve real-world problems, including efforts to track public health, centralize research data, monitor and fulfill prescriptions, lower administrative overheads, and organize patient data from an increasing number of inputs. Here, concrete examples of the application of blockchain technology in the health sector are described, touching on near-term promise and challenges.},
	keywords = {blockchain, distributed ledger, health, patient-centred care, trust},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1111},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1111},
	author = {Mark A. Engelhardt}
}
@article {1113,
	title = {Q\&A. Is Internal Audit Ready for Blockchain?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	pages = {41-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {blockchain, controls, governance, internal audit, risk management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1113},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1113},
	author = {Hugh Rooney and Brian Aiken and Megan Rooney}
}
@article {1110,
	title = {Smart Contract Relations in e-Commerce: Legal Implications of Exchanges Conducted on the Blockchain},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	pages = {14-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Much of the discussion around blockchain-based smart contracts has focused on whether or not they operate in the same way as legal contracts. However, it is argued that most contracts are social rather than legal in nature and are entered into because the parties trust each other to perform the agreed exchange. Little has been written to address how the blockchain{\textquoteright}s trust protocol can enable the kind of social contracting that characterized the way exchanges were conducted before the Internet. This article aims to fill that gap by exploring blockchain-based smart contracts primarily as non-contractual social exchanges.},
	keywords = {blockchain, law, legal, online transactions, reputation, smart contracts, trust},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1110},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1110},
	author = {Philippa Ryan}
}
